Chapter 13: Blood Gases and Blood Types

Question 1

Type I Alveolar Cell

Answer 1

Simple squamous epithelium functions in gas exchange

Question 2

Type II Alveolar Cell

Answer 2

secrete surfactant

Question 3

Oxygenated (arterial) Blood

Answer 3

PO2 = 100 mmHg

Question 4

O2 Pressure in Alveoli

Answer 4

40 mmHg

Question 5

O2 Pressure in Tissue

Answer 5

PO2 = 100 (arterial blood) 40mmHg (tissue)

Question 6

Blood Composition

Answer 6

Plasma, 55% (water and proteins)

Formed Elements, 45% (RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and Buffy coat)

Question 7

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 7

Erythrocytes that carry O2

Question 8

Carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 8

Erythrocytes that carry CO2

Question 9

Hemoglobin

Answer 9

Binds H+ and CO2 on amino acids of protein subunits,
Binds O2 on heme - group of each subunit

Four Protein subunits:
	2 Alpha chains
	2 Beta chains
1 Heme Group in each Protein Subunit:
Contains Iron (Fe) which binds and holds O2

Question 10

Oxygen Loading at Alveoli

Answer 10

High [Oxygen] in alveoli forces O2 into blood plasma,
Blood plasma can only carry 1.5 – 2%,
Rest of oxygen binds to hemoglobin in erythrocytes

Question 11

O2-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Answer 11

90% saturated at PO2=60mmHg,

98% saturated at PO2= 100 mmHg

Question 12

Normal RBCs contain

Answer 12

~200-300 million hemoglobin molecules

Question 13

Anemia

Answer 13

Any condition that results in non-functional erythrocytes

Question 14

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 14

Non-functional hemoglobin

inherited condition homozygous recessive = both parents must carry one gene

Question 15

CO2 Transport

Answer 15

Dissolved as HCO3- (liquid) – 70%
Bound to carbaminohemoglobin subunit amino acids – 23%
Dissolved in plasma – 7%

Question 16

CO2 Loading

Answer 16

in tissue = 46 mmHg (P1)

in oxygenated blood = 40 mmHg (P2)

Question 17

Carbonic anhydrase (CAH)

Answer 17

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3

Question 18

Type A

Answer 18

antigen A present on RBC membrane

Question 19

Type B

Answer 19

antigen B present on RBC membrane

Question 20

Type AB

Answer 20

both antigen A and antigen B present on RBC membrane.

Universal Recipient

Question 21

Type O

Answer 21

neither antigen A not antigen B present on RBC membrane.

Universal Donor

Question 22

Antibodies

Answer 22

Also called agglutinins or globulins,
Blood antibodies circulate in blood plasma,
Normally, blood plasma does not have antibodies against erythrocytes of ‘self’
No antigen-antibody reaction,
If individual gets blood transfusion:
Erythrocytes from transfusion may bind circulating antibodies of the recipient and agglutinate (clump)

Question 23

Blood Banking

Answer 23

Packed erythrocytes:
Red blood cells with corresponding antigens
AKA: ‘blood transfusion’

Blood plasma:
Fluid with antibodies and other proteins

Question 24

The Rh System

Answer 24

Named after Rhesus Monkey.

Rh-positive blood:
Rh antigen is present on RBCs membrane (It is actually 3 genes).

Rh-negative blood:
RBCs have no Rh antigen present (lack the D antigen).

Question 25

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Answer 25

Rh-negative mother IF she has a Rh+ fetus (inherited from father and exposed - delivery),
She produces antibodies against Rh-antigens (produces anti-D antibodies),
Which remain in her blood,
Nothing happens to first child because of delayed immune response and time of exposure.

Rh-positive fetus = Erythrocytes have Rh-antigen
Rh-negative mother = Her immune system develops antibodies against erythrocytes of fetus

Question 26

Second and Subsequent Pregnancies

Answer 26

Her immune system attacks developing fetus erythrocytes if fetus is Rh-positive (from father)

No Disease Develops if fetus is Rh-negative or
If she is treated with Rho-gamma (anti-anti-D antibodies) because her body eliminates the Rh-antibodies