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Microbiology : Unit 2 > Chapter 13 : Bacterial Genome Replication and Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 13 : Bacterial Genome Replication and Expression Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genome

A

all DNA present in a cell or virus

Include DNA of chromosomes and plasmids

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2
Q

Genotype

A

specific set of genes coded for in DNA sequences (ATGC)

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3
Q

Phenotype

A

collection of physical characteristics determined by the genotype

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4
Q

The nucleotides, DNA and RNA, are polymers of ________

A

Nucleotides

Linked together by phosphodiester bonds

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5
Q

DNA and RNA differ in:

A

Base Adenine (A), Guanine (G),Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T)

Phosphate group and a pentose sugar

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6
Q

G (______) and C (_________) pair by 3 hydrogen bonds

A
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7
Q

STOPPED

A

D

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8
Q

BEGIN WITH HER PDF 59

A

D

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9
Q

Termination occurs when core RNA polymerase
_______ from template DNA

A

dissociates

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10
Q

There are two types of terminators:

A
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11
Q

DNA sequences mark the end of gene in the ____ and
the ________

A

trailer ; terminator

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12
Q

Factor-independent termination

A

is an inverted repeat followed by an A-rich nucleotide sequence

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13
Q

Factor-dependent termination

A

Does not have a string of adenine

requires a protein called → rho factor (ρ)

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14
Q

Rho binds to the mRNA at a specific site
called →

A

rut

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15
Q

Rho uses _____ energy to move along mRNA and catch up to RNA __________, causing it to _________ from DNA

A

ATP ; polymerase ; dissociate

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16
Q

Final step in expression of protein encoding genes is →

A

Translation

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17
Q

mRNA is translated into an ___________ of a
polypeptide chain during translation

A

amino acid sequence

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18
Q

Codon

A

genetic code word found on
the mRNA, 3 base pairs long
* Specifies an → amino acid

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19
Q

Anticodon

A

found on the tRNA is complementary to the codon of the
mRNA

20
Q

Start codon

A

start site for translation
* Always → AUG

21
Q

Sense codons

A

the 61 codons that specify amino acids

22
Q

Stop (nonsense) codons

A

the three codons used as
translation termination signals (UAA, UGA, UAG)
* Do not encode amino acids

23
Q

Code degeneracy

A

up to six different codons can code for a single amino acid

24
Q

Wobble

A

loose base pairing

25
Q

___ position of codon less
important than 1st or 2nd

A

3rd

Eliminates need for unique
tRNA for each codon

26
Q

? Several exceptions to the code exist. Some protists use a single stop codon; the other two _________

A

code for amino acids instead

27
Q

? Some microbes incorporate two rare amino acids into
polypeptides

A
  • Selenocysteine inserted at certain UGA codons
  • Pyrrolysine inserted at certain UAG codons
28
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is decoded and amino acids are
covalently linked to form a polypeptide at the ribosome

29
Q

Polyribosome

A

complex of mRNA with several
ribosomes

30
Q

tRNA has a 3D structure due to ____________ _____ _____ within the tRNA molecule

A

complimentary base pairing

31
Q

Amino acid activation

A

attachment of amino acid to tRNA

32
Q

Amino acid activation, attachment of amino acid
to tRNA, is catalyzed by

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

33
Q

There are at least __ aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (one for each amino acid)

A

20

34
Q

Order for tRNA is

A

APE

35
Q

Order for ribosomes is

A

EPA

36
Q

Ribosomes are the sites of →

A

protein synthesis

37
Q

Bacterial ribosome

70S ribosomes =

A

30S + 50S subunits

38
Q

Translational domain on both subunits is responsible for _______

A

translation

39
Q

The translational domain contains three sites for tRNA
binding:

A
  • A (amino or acceptor) site – receives tRNAs carrying
    an → amino acid
  • P (peptide or donor) site – holds a tRNA attached to
    the growing → polypeptide
  • E (exit) site – where empty tRNAs leave the
    ribosome
40
Q

A (amino or acceptor) site

A

receives tRNAs carrying
an → amino acid

41
Q

P (peptide or donor) site

A

holds a tRNA attached to
the growing → polypeptide

42
Q

E (exit) site

A

where empty tRNAs leave the
ribosome

43
Q

rRNA molecules contribute to _______ of ribosome

A

structure

44
Q

16S rRNA ribosomal binding site (RBS)

A

binds to ShineDalgarno site on mRNA for protein synthesis → initiation
* Binds protein needed for initiation of translation and →
amino acyl-tRNA

45
Q

23S rRNA is a ribozyme that catalyzes

A

peptide bond formation

Microbiology : Unit 2 (4 decks)

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