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Brain And Cranial Nerves > Chapter 13 and 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 and 14 Flashcards

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0
Q

Where is the arachnoid mater

A

Under the Dura Mater

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1
Q

What is the Dura Mater

A

The most superficial brain layer, thick/tough layer firmly attached to the inner layer of the skull.

It is divided into the PERIOSTEAL LAYER and the MENINGEAL LAYER

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2
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Inferior to the arachnoid mater

Contains many blood vessels and the cerebrospinal fluid that feeds the brain

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3
Q

Pia Mater

A

Thin, highly vascular layer that closely adheres with the brain.

Provides most of the blood supply to the brain and selects which blood constituents can enter the brain.

Forms the Blood Brain Barrier, because the capillary walls block certain substances from entering the brain

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4
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Clear liquid that fills ventricles and canals

Brain produces and absorbs @ 500ml/day

150ml circulate at any one time and takes @ 6 hours to cycle through

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5
Q

What are the functions of the CSF?

A

1) buoyancy- floats brain so it is neutrally buoyant
2) protection- cushions brain from hitting inside of skull
3) chemical stability- rinses away wastes, provides optimal chemical environment for neuronal signaling

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6
Q

Brain damage due to interrupted blood flow

A

@ 10 seconds- loss of consciousness

@ 1-2 min- impairs brain function

@ 4 min- irreversible brain damage

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7
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

Highly permeable to H2O, glucose, and lipid soluble substances (alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, anesthetics)

In places with no BBB, the brain monitors fluctuations in pH, osmolarity

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8
Q

Limbic System

A

Center of emotion and learning

Controls emotion and memory

Controls gratification and aversion

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9
Q

How many cranial nerves?

A

12

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10
Q

Provides sense of smell

A

Olfactory Nerve

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11
Q

Provides Vision

A

Optic Nerve

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12
Q

Provides some eye movement, opening of eyelid, construction of pupil, focusing

A

Oculomotor Nerve

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13
Q

Provides eye movement

A

Trochlear Nerve

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14
Q

Main sensory nerve to face

A

Trigeminal Nerve

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15
Q

Provides eye movement

A

Abducens Nerve

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16
Q

Innervates facial muscles and provides facial expressions

A

Facial Nerve

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17
Q

Provides hearing and sense of balance

A

Auditory (Vestiblulocochlear) Nerve

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18
Q

Provides control over swallowing, salivation, gagging, sensations from posterior 1/3 of tongue, control of BP and respiration

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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19
Q

Provides swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera

A

Vagus Nerve

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20
Q

Provides swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movement

A

Accessory Nerve

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21
Q

Provides tongue movements of speech, food manipulation and swallowing

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

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22
Q

What are sensory tracts?

A

Ascending (to the brain) pathways carry conscious and unconscious sensations

23
Q

Spinothalamic tract

Anterolateral system

A

Carries pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle, and itch sensations

24
Q

Spinomesencephalic tract

A

Carry action potentials from cutaneous pain receptors

Contributes to eye reflexes

25
Q

Dorsal column/medial- lemniscal system

A

Carries sensations of 2 point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, and vibration

26
Q

Primary neurons

First-order neurons

A

Enter the spinal cord and ascend to the medulla where they synapse with secondary neurons

27
Q

Secondary neurons

Second-order neurons

A

Cross over and project to the thalamus

28
Q

Tertiary neurons

Third-order neurons

A

Extend from the thalamus to the somatic sensory cortex

29
Q

Trigeminothalamic tract

A

Carries sensory information from the face, nose, and mouth

30
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts

A

Carry unconscious proprioception to the cerebellum from the same side of the body

31
Q

Long-term memory

A

Declarative memory: retention of events and facts

Procedural memory: retention of motor skills

32
Q

Short-term memory

A

Few seconds to a few hours

Easily forgotten if we stop mentally reciting it or if we get distracted

Hold something in mind long enough to carry out an action

33
Q

Immediate memory

A

Hold something in mind for a few seconds to get a feeling for the flow of events

34
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebrum

35
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

36
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

37
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum

Rhombencephalon

38
Q

Contains the medulla oblongata

A

Myelencephalon

39
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Regulates heart rate and blood vessels

Regulates breathing

Vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, hiccuping

Part of the sensory pathway for taste, hearing and equilibrium

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

Equilibrium and balance

Metencephalon

41
Q

Pons

A

Part of the voluntary motor control pathway

Helps with equilibrium and respiratory control

(Metencephalon)

42
Q

What connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum?

A

Brainstem

Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

43
Q

What is the pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts called?

A

Medulla oblongata

44
Q

What structure relays information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, and is the site of reflex centers?

A

Pons

45
Q

What structure is part of the auditory pathway, and lies in the middle of the brain?

A

Midbrain

46
Q

What is the function of the Reticular Formation?

A

It controls cyclic activities, like the sleep-wake cycle

47
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Control muscle movement and tone

Governs balance

Motor skills

48
Q

What are the functions of the Thalamus?

A

Major sensory relay center

Influences mood and movement

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls homeostasis

Regulates endocrine function (hormones)

50
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Controls conscious perception, thought, and conscious motor activity

51
Q

Basal nuclei

Part of cerebrum

A

Controls muscle activity and posture, largely inhibits unintentional movement when at rest

52
Q

Limbic system

part of the cerebrum

A

Autonomic response to smell, emotion, mood, memory, and other such functions

53
Q

What is decussation?

A

Crossing to the opposite side of the body

i.e. Each half of the brain controls the opposite half of the body

54
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Reflex movements of theHead eyes and body toward visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli such as loud noises, flashing lights, or startling pain; they receive touch and auditory input

55
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Involved in hearing, and are an integral part of the auditory pathways in the CNS

56
Q

What is the folia?

A

The ridges on the cerebellum

Brain And Cranial Nerves (1 decks)

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