chapter 13

Question 1

central nervous system

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

cranial and spinal nerves

Question 3

four regions of spinal cord

Answer 3

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 4

gray matter of spinal cord

Answer 4

neuron cell bodies

Question 5

white matter of spinal cord

Answer 5

myelinated axons

Question 6

spinal ganglia

Answer 6

contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons

Question 7

afferent

Answer 7

towards brain or spinal cord

Question 8

efferent

Answer 8

away from brain or spinal cord towards periphery

Question 9

central canal

Answer 9

space filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 10

posterior / dorsal roots

Answer 10

bring sensory info into the spinal cord

Question 11

anterior / ventral roots

Answer 11

axons of motor neurons that extend into periphery to control somatic and visceral effectors

Question 12

spinal nerve

Answer 12

sensory and motor roots bound together here

Question 13

rami communicantes

Answer 13

paired communicating structures

Question 14

gray ramus communicans

Answer 14

unmyelinated fibers that innervate glands and smooth muscles in the body walls or limbs

Question 15

spinal meninges

Answer 15

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

Question 16

functions of spinal meninges

Answer 16

physical stability, shock absorption, deliver oxygen and nutrients to spinal cord

Question 17

posterior ramus

Answer 17

sensory and motor innervation to skin and muscles of back

Question 18

anterior ramus

Answer 18

supplies ventrolateral surface, structures in body wall and limbs

Question 19

spinal nerves are ____ nerves

Answer 19

mixed (sensory and motor)

Question 20

long tract

Answer 20

connects spinal cord with brain

Question 21

short tract

Answer 21

carry sensory and motor signals between segments of the spinal cord

Question 22

ascending tract

Answer 22

carry sensory info towards the brain

Question 23

descending

Answer 23

convey motor commands to the spinal cord

Question 24

dermatome

Answer 24

bilateral region of the skin surface monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves

Question 25

nerve plexus

Answer 25

composed of afferent and efferent fibers that arise from the merging of anterior rami

Question 26

cervical plexus

Answer 26

innervate muscles of neck and thoracic cavity, controls diaphragm

Question 27

major nerve of cervical plexus

Answer 27

phrenic nerve

Question 28

what is the phrenic nerve key for?

Answer 28

breathing

Question 29

brachial plexus

Answer 29

innervates pectoral girdle, upper limbs (arms & forearms)

Question 30

major nerves of brachial plexus

Answer 30

musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial, axillary

Question 31

lumbar plexus

Answer 31

axons from anterior rami of spinal nerves T4 - L4

Question 32

major nerves of lumbar plexus

Answer 32

genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral

Question 33

sacral plexus

Answer 33

axons from anterior rami of spinal nerves L4 - S4

Question 34

major nerves of sacral plexus

Answer 34

sciatic and pudenal

Question 35

neuronal pools

Answer 35

functional groups of interconnected neurons

Question 36

divergence

Answer 36

one neuron to several

Question 37

convergence

Answer 37

several neurons to a single postsynaptic neuron

Question 38

serial processing

Answer 38

neurons or pools work sequentially

Question 39

parallel processing

Answer 39

several neurons or pools process the same info simultaneously

Question 40

reverberation

Answer 40

positive feedback mechanism

Question 41

reflex

Answer 41

rapid and autonomic responses to specific stimuli