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GEOG 1190 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

MINERAL

A

Inorganic natural solid compound having a specific chemical formula and usually possessing a crystalline structure

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2
Q

CRATON

A

All continents have a nucleus of ancient crystalline rock on which it grows through the addition crustal fragments and sediments

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3
Q

CONTINENTAL SHIELD

A

A large region where a craton is exposed at the surface

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4
Q

PASSIVE MARGIN

A

Where two plates are joined together, where they move as a single mass.

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5
Q

What is the driving force behind plate motion?

A
  • convection currents in the mantle

- grab hold of the underside of the crust (plates) and drags it along

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6
Q

Plate Margins

A

Where plates meet

3 TYPES:

  1. Convergent
  2. Divergent
  3. Transform
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7
Q

Convergent Plate Margin

A

Where plates collide head on

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8
Q

Faulting

A

When a rock breaks

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9
Q

Folding

A

When a rock bends

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10
Q

Earthquake

A

An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground due to a release of energy deep inside the Earth

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11
Q

Focus

A

The place in the ground where energy is released and where the earthquakes originate

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12
Q

Epicenter

A

The place on the surface directly above the focus

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13
Q

Divergent Plate margin

A

Where plates are moved apart

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14
Q

Transform margin

A

Where plates are moving past each other in a side to side motion

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15
Q

“P” or Primary Waves

A

Causes objects at the surface to move side to side
aprox. 8km/s

  • faster
  • cause things to go back and forth sideways
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16
Q

“S” or Secondary Waves

A

Causes objects at the surface to move up and down
aprox. 5km/s

  • slower
  • these cause things to sway
17
Q

Liquefaction

A

The fluidization of water-saturated sediment when it is shaken.

  • loss of strength and stiffness in response to stress, in this context, an Earthquake
18
Q

RELIEF

A

difference between high and low.

Elevation differences in a local landscape; an expression of local height differences of landforms

19
Q

TERRANE

A

A rock body formed at one location and moved to another by plate motion.

(example: insular belt in BC, including Vancouver island)

20
Q

TYPES OF STRESS

A

(THREE TYPES)

  1. Compressive Stress
  2. Tensional Stress
  3. Shear Stress
21
Q

COMPRESSIVE STRESS

A
  • forces are directed inward.
  • causes shortening
  • creates symmetrical folds
  • folding caused: anti cline (hump is on top) r syncline fold (hump on bottom)
  • faulting caused: reverse fault (one rock body has moved up and over the other rock body which has moved down and under.
22
Q

TENSIONAL STRESS

A
  • forces are directed outward
  • causes stretching, maybe thinning
  • folding caused: no folding
  • faulting caused: normal fault
  • because of tensional stress one rock body has moved down and away from the other which has moved up and away
23
Q

SHEAR STRESS

A
  • forces are opposite to one another in a side-by-side motion
  • causes twisting or tearing
  • folding caused: asymmetrical anticline, asymmetrical syncline
  • faulting caused: Right lateral/left lateral strike-slip fault
24
Q

List Historical Eruptions

A
  • Mt. Mazama (Crater Lake, Oregon.) (6,600 years ago)
  • Mt. Vesuvius, Italy (Burial of Pompeii) (2,000 years ago)
  • Mt. St. Helen (Washington State (May 18, 1980)
  • Mt. Dinatubo Philippines, (1991)
25
Q

Volcano

A

a volcano is a hill or mountain that forms on the Earth’s surface over a hole in the crust; out of which comes lava (liquid rock), gas (water) and pyroclastic debris (rock fragments such as ash)

26
Q

Pyroclastic Flows

A

a fast moving avalanche of hot rock and gas that is very destructive.

27
Q

Harmonic Tremors

A

Seismic energy releases associated with volcanos.

  • many small earthquakes around the magma chamber that suggest a change in the behaviour of the volcano and the possibility of an eruption.
28
Q

Lahar

A

Debris flow caused by a volcanic eruption.

  • moderately fast flow of wet sediment that follows the pre-existing drainage of the land.
29
Q

TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

A
  1. Explosive

2. Non Explosive (Effusive)

30
Q

EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION (6 characteristics)

A
  • Located on a continental plate
  • Rock type is felsic
  • Lava viscosity is high (flows slower)
  • Rate of gas escape is low, until it erupts suddenly
  • Duration of eruption is faster
  • Frequency of eruption is rare
31
Q

EFFUSIVE (NON-EXPLOSIVE) ERUPTION (6 characteristics)

A
  • Located on an oceanic plate
  • Rock type is mafic
  • Lava viscosity is low, (flows easily)
  • Rate of gas escape is faster (gas escaping constantly)
  • Duration of eruption is longer
  • Frequency of eruption is common
32
Q

TYPES OF VOLCANOS BASED ON APPEARANCE

A
  • Strato

- Shield

33
Q

Strato Volcano (composite volcano)

A

Tall, steep-sided, prominent structure like Mt. Baker.

  • composed of layers of lava and pyroclastic debris
  • weak internal structure that makes the volcano prone to failure
34
Q

Shield Volcano

A

Low and wide, gently sloping dome or “inverted shield shape” composed of layers of lava.

-This makes for a stronger structure less prone to failure

GEOG 1190 (7 decks)

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