Chapter 13 Flashcards
Anesthetic
Drug that prevents pain during surgery
Enclosure
The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers
Smelt
melt in order to get the pure metal away form its waste matter
Capital
money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise
Enterprise
Business organization in such area as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories
Entrepreneur
Person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit
Turnpike
Private road built by entrepreneurs who charged a toll to travelers who used it
Urbanization
movement of people from rural areas to cities.
Tenement
multistory building divided into crowded apartments.
Labor Union
Worker’s organization
Standard of Living
measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.
Utilitarianism
The idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
Socialism
System in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all business
Social Mobility
The ability to move in social class
Means of Production
Farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods
Communism
Belief that class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by a community as a whole.
Dynamo
A machine used to generate electricity
Interchangeable parts
Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing.
Proletariat
Working Class
Social Democracy
Political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system.
Assembly Line
Production method that breaks down into a series of smaller tasks
Corporation
Business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment.
Stock
Shares in a company
Germ Theory
Theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes.
Cartel
Group of companies that join together to control the production and price of a product.
Urban Renewal
Process of fixing up the poor areas of a city
Mutual-aid Society
Self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers
Temperance Movement
Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages
Racism
Belief that one racial group is superior to another
Women’s Suffrage
Right of women to vote.
