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Chapter 13: Host Defenses II-Immunity and Immunization > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False

third line of defense is NOT innate but adaptive

A

True

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2
Q

immunocompetence

A

the ability of the body to recognize and react with multiple foreign substances

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3
Q

Antigen AKA immunogens

A

Any cell, particle or chemical that induces a specific immune respons by B cells or T cells and can stimulate resistance to an infection or a toxin

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4
Q

What are antigens made of?

A

Usually protein or polysaccharide molecules that reside on the surface or inside cells and viruses including our own

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5
Q

epitope

A

the precise molecular group of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response

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6
Q

True or False

Antigens are highly individual and stimulate specific immunity

A

True

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7
Q

specificity

A

an immunity, the concept that some parts of the immune system only react with antigens that originally activated tehm

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8
Q

memory

A

the capacity of the immune system to recognize and act against an antigen upon second and subsequent encounters

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9
Q

Lymphocyte Development

A

divergence into two distinct types
B and T
which then constantly recirculate through the circulatory system and lymphatic system, migrating into and out of the lymphoid organs

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10
Q

What do phagocytes do to B and T cells?

A

They present antigens to them

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11
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

set of genes that code for human cell markers or receptors

AKA human lekocyte system gives rise to glycoprotiens found in all cells except red blood cells

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12
Q

Class I MHC

A

appear on nucleated cells only

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13
Q

Class II MHC

A

regulatory markers, found in macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells present to T cells

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14
Q

Class III MHC

A

encode for protiens involved with complement system

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15
Q

CD molecules

A

“cluster of differentiation” Example CD3 CD8 CD$ surface molecules

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16
Q

Challenging B and T cells with antigens results in

A

proliferation and differentiation

memory and clone cells

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17
Q

T-Cells are considered what type of immunity

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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18
Q

B-cells are considered what type of immunity

A

Hummoral Immunity

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19
Q

Types of T cells

A

helper
regulatory
cytotoxic

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20
Q

Helpter T cells

A

activates macrophages, assists B cell processes and help activate cytotoxic T cells

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21
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

control the T cell response

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22
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

lead to the destruction of infected host cells and other “foreign cells”

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23
Q

B cells differentiate into

A

plasma and memory cells

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24
Q

Plasma cells release

A

antibodies

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25
Antibodies attach to an antigen
marking it for destruction or neutralization.
26
Maturation of T cells occurs in
the thymus and GI tract
27
True or false | All T cells have CD3 molecules
True
28
CD4
accessory receptor protein on T cell that binds to MHC II
29
CD8
ONLY on cytotoxic T cells binds to MHC I molecules
30
Di George syndrome
birth defect of missing or defective thymus so no T cells
31
Severe Combined immunodeficiency
SCIDs birth defects that knock out both B and T cells
32
Where to B cells mature?
bone marrow
33
immunoglobulins (Ig)
chemical class of proteins to which antibodies belong
34
antigen binding site
specific regions at the ends of antibody that recognize specific antigens
35
variable region
antigen binding site fragment of an a immunoglobulin protien; consists of combination of light and heavy chains whose molecular configuration is specific to an antigen
36
colonal selection theory
a conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity adn variety during immune maturation
37
Two important features of colonal selection theory
1 lymphocyte specificity is programmed, existing within genetic makeup before antigen has even entered the tissue 2 each genetically distinct lymphocyte expresses only a single specificity and can react to that chemical epitope
38
clone
colony of cells or organism derived from a single cell by asexual reproduction sharing ALL characteristics
39
Entrance on Antigens
an antigen/immunogen has to be a certain foreignness, shape, size and accessibility but mostly foreign
40
Materials considered to be antigens
``` proteins and poly peptides lipoproteins glycoprotiens nucleoproteins polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide ```
41
protiens and polypeptides
enzymes, cell surface structures and exotoxins
42
lipoprotiens
cell membranes
43
glycoproteins
B cell markers
44
nucleoproteins
DNA complexed to protein but NOT pure DNA
45
polysaccharde
certain bacterial capsules
46
haptens
an incomplete or partial antigen. Although it constitutes the determinate group and can bind antigen, hapten cannot stimulate a full immune response unless it is carried by a larger protein molecule
47
Examples of haptens
drugs, metals, ordinary innocuous house hold, industrial and environmental chemicals
48
alloantigenic
an antigen present in some but NOT all members of the same species basis for individuals blood group and MHC profile
49
superantigens
bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells and can be factor in diseases such as toxic shock
50
allergens
antigens that evoke an allergic reaction
51
antigen presenting cells (APCs)
cells of immune system that digest foreign cells and particles and display pieces of them on their own surfaces in such a way that other cells of immune system recognize them
52
dendritic cells
a large antigen processing cell characterized by long branch like extensions of the cell membrane
53
what does the CD4 attach to?
CD3
54
What marker to all T cells carry?
CD4
55
What to helper cells secrete?
interleukin 2`
56
What does interleukin 2 stimulate?
cytotoxic cells
57
How do helper cells activate macrophages
by releasing cytokines
58
virally infected cells
are recognized by cytotixic cells because of telltale viral peptides expressed on surface
59
Gamma Delta T cells
do NOT have recreptors rearranged to recognize antigens, work like WBCs do in nonspecific immunity responsive to certian phospholipids and react against tumor cells
60
Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)
lack specificity for antigens, circulate blood, spleen and lungs first to attack cancer and virally infected cells
61
Steps of B cell activation
``` binding of antigen Antigen processing and presentation Bcell/Thelper cell cooperation and recognition Bcell activation differentiation colonal expansion ```
62
hypervariable region
the site of the antibody binding to the epitope is composed of this varied amino acid content
63
Antibody functions
``` opsonization neutralization agglutination lysis antitoxins ```
64
colostrum
clear yellow early product of breast milk that is very high in secretory antibodies. Provides passive intestinal immunity high in IgA
65
titer
in immunochemistry a measure of antibody level in a patient | determined by agglutination methods
66
anamnestic response
an augmented response or memroy related to a prior stimulation of the immune system by antigen boosts levels of immune substances
67
natural immunity
acquired during normal biological experiences
68
artificial immunity
immunizations, vaccines and immune serum
69
active immunity
antigen activates B and T cells
70
characteristics of active immunity
created memory cells for reexposure several days to develop lasts long time somtimes lifetime can be acquired naturally or artificially
71
passive immunity
receiving immune substances (antibodies) that were produced actively by another human or animal
72
characteristics of passive immunity
``` lack of memory of antigen lack of antibody production against disease immediate onset protection short term effectiveness can be natural or artificial ```
73
variolation
hazardous, outmoded process of deliberately introducing small pox material scraped form a victim into non immune subject in hope of inducing resistance
74
vaccine
orignally used in reference to inoculation with the cow pox vaccinia virus NOW pertains to injection of whole microbes (killed or attenuated), toxoids, or parts of microbes as a prevention or cure of disease
75
DNA vaccines
newer vaccine preperation based on inserting DNA from pathogens into host cells to encourage them to express the foreign protien and stimulate immunity
76
adjuvant
chemical vehicle that enhances antigenicity presumably by prolonging antigen retention at the injection site
77
Qualities of an effective vaccine
protect against exposure to natural, wild forms of the pathogen low level of adverse side effects or toxicity and not cause harm stimulate both antibody response and CMI response long term lasting effects NOT require numerous doses or boosters inexpensive and have relatively long shelf life easy to administer
78
Whole cell or virus subcategories
live, attenuated cells or viruses ' | killed cells or inactivated viruses
79
Part-of-organism preparations
sub units derived from cultures of cells or viruses sub units chemically synthesized to mimic natural molecues found on the pathogens sub units manufactured via genetic engineering subunits conjugated with protiens to make them more immunogenic
80
conjugated vaccines
subunit vaccines combined with carrier protiens, often from other microbes, to make them more immnogenic
81
principle stages of immunity
lymphocyte development and differentiation presentation of antigen challenge of B & T cells by antigens T cells response : CMI and B cell production of antibodies
82
Co-receptors of mature T cells
CD4 CD8
83
New strategies in vaccine production
antigen synthesis gene cloning recombinant DNA
84
Antibody binding sites and frequency(numbers)
``` IgA=4,2 13% IgG=2 80% IgM=10 6% IgD=2 1% IgE=2 .002% ```
85
dimeric
2 binding sites
86
CD8 receptor
cytotoxic T cells
87
Acellular vaccines
epitope based vaccines
88
IgG
long term immunity, opsonization and neutralize toxins bind to phagocytes
89
IgA
secretory antibody Ex) tears, saliva, breast milk, mucus and colostrum
90
IgM
first antibody produced in response to antigen
91
IgD
main function is to serve a B cell receptor
92
IgE
allergies, worm infections | mast cell and basophile binding
93
attenuate
reduce virulence of pathogenic bacterium or virus
94
Preperations that most vaccines are based on include
live attenuated microbes pathogen derived antigens killed cells or inactivated cells genetically engineered microbes or their antigens
95
oral vaccine advantages
well tolerated can stimulate secretory IgA more readily accepted easy to administer
96
Antibody class's half life in serum
``` IgG 23 days IgA 6 days IgM 5 days IgD 2.5 days IgE 3 days ```
97
poor immunogens include
simple and small molecules and repeating polymers
98
main antigen presenting cells
dendritic B cells and macrophages
99
Memory T cells live the longest
true
100
T helper 1 cells functions
delayed hypersensitivity reactions secrete cytokines activation of CMI pathways
101
T helper 2 cells functions
drive B cell proliferation | Secrete cytokines
102
Antitoxin
can neutralize bacterial exotoxins
103
regulatory T cells
control specific immune response | prevent autoimmunity
104
vaccine administration routes
subcutaneous injection intramuscular injection intradermal injection

Chapter 13: Host Defenses II-Immunity and Immunization (1 decks)

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