Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chapter 13: Host Defenses II-Immunity and Immunization > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False

third line of defense is NOT innate but adaptive

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

immunocompetence

A

the ability of the body to recognize and react with multiple foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antigen AKA immunogens

A

Any cell, particle or chemical that induces a specific immune respons by B cells or T cells and can stimulate resistance to an infection or a toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are antigens made of?

A

Usually protein or polysaccharide molecules that reside on the surface or inside cells and viruses including our own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

epitope

A

the precise molecular group of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False

Antigens are highly individual and stimulate specific immunity

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

specificity

A

an immunity, the concept that some parts of the immune system only react with antigens that originally activated tehm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

memory

A

the capacity of the immune system to recognize and act against an antigen upon second and subsequent encounters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lymphocyte Development

A

divergence into two distinct types
B and T
which then constantly recirculate through the circulatory system and lymphatic system, migrating into and out of the lymphoid organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do phagocytes do to B and T cells?

A

They present antigens to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

set of genes that code for human cell markers or receptors

AKA human lekocyte system gives rise to glycoprotiens found in all cells except red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Class I MHC

A

appear on nucleated cells only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Class II MHC

A

regulatory markers, found in macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells present to T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Class III MHC

A

encode for protiens involved with complement system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CD molecules

A

“cluster of differentiation” Example CD3 CD8 CD$ surface molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Challenging B and T cells with antigens results in

A

proliferation and differentiation

memory and clone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T-Cells are considered what type of immunity

A

Cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

B-cells are considered what type of immunity

A

Hummoral Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of T cells

A

helper
regulatory
cytotoxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Helpter T cells

A

activates macrophages, assists B cell processes and help activate cytotoxic T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

control the T cell response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

lead to the destruction of infected host cells and other “foreign cells”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

B cells differentiate into

A

plasma and memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Plasma cells release

A

antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Antibodies attach to an antigen

A

marking it for destruction or neutralization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Maturation of T cells occurs in

A

the thymus and GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

True or false

All T cells have CD3 molecules

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

CD4

A

accessory receptor protein on T cell that binds to MHC II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CD8

A

ONLY on cytotoxic T cells binds to MHC I molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Di George syndrome

A

birth defect of missing or defective thymus so no T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Severe Combined immunodeficiency

A

SCIDs birth defects that knock out both B and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where to B cells mature?

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

chemical class of proteins to which antibodies belong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

antigen binding site

A

specific regions at the ends of antibody that recognize specific antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

variable region

A

antigen binding site fragment of an a immunoglobulin protien; consists of combination of light and heavy chains whose molecular configuration is specific to an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

colonal selection theory

A

a conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity adn variety during immune maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Two important features of colonal selection theory

A

1 lymphocyte specificity is programmed, existing within genetic makeup before antigen has even entered the tissue

2 each genetically distinct lymphocyte expresses only a single specificity and can react to that chemical epitope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

clone

A

colony of cells or organism derived from a single cell by asexual reproduction sharing ALL characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Entrance on Antigens

A

an antigen/immunogen has to be a certain foreignness, shape, size and accessibility but mostly foreign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Materials considered to be antigens

A 
proteins and poly peptides
lipoproteins
glycoprotiens
nucleoproteins
polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

protiens and polypeptides

A

enzymes, cell surface structures and exotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

lipoprotiens

A

cell membranes

43
Q

glycoproteins

A

B cell markers

44
Q

nucleoproteins

A

DNA complexed to protein but NOT pure DNA

45
Q

polysaccharde

A

certain bacterial capsules

46
Q

haptens

A

an incomplete or partial antigen. Although it constitutes the determinate group and can bind antigen, hapten cannot stimulate a full immune response unless it is carried by a larger protein molecule

47
Q

Examples of haptens

A

drugs, metals, ordinary innocuous house hold, industrial and environmental chemicals

48
Q

alloantigenic

A

an antigen present in some but NOT all members of the same species
basis for individuals blood group and MHC profile

49
Q

superantigens

A

bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells and can be factor in diseases such as toxic shock

50
Q

allergens

A

antigens that evoke an allergic reaction

51
Q

antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

cells of immune system that digest foreign cells and particles and display pieces of them on their own surfaces in such a way that other cells of immune system recognize them

52
Q

dendritic cells

A

a large antigen processing cell characterized by long branch like extensions of the cell membrane

53
Q

what does the CD4 attach to?

A

CD3

54
Q

What marker to all T cells carry?

A

CD4

55
Q

What to helper cells secrete?

A

interleukin 2`

56
Q

What does interleukin 2 stimulate?

A

cytotoxic cells

57
Q

How do helper cells activate macrophages

A

by releasing cytokines

58
Q

virally infected cells

A

are recognized by cytotixic cells because of telltale viral peptides expressed on surface

59
Q

Gamma Delta T cells

A

do NOT have recreptors rearranged to recognize antigens, work like WBCs do in nonspecific immunity
responsive to certian phospholipids and react against tumor cells

60
Q

Natural Killer Cells (NK cells)

A

lack specificity for antigens, circulate blood, spleen and lungs first to attack cancer and virally infected cells

61
Q

Steps of B cell activation

A 
binding of antigen
Antigen processing and presentation
Bcell/Thelper cell cooperation and recognition
Bcell activation
differentiation
colonal expansion
62
Q

hypervariable region

A

the site of the antibody binding to the epitope is composed of this
varied amino acid content

63
Q

Antibody functions

A 
opsonization
neutralization
agglutination
lysis
antitoxins
64
Q

colostrum

A

clear yellow early product of breast milk that is very high in secretory antibodies. Provides passive intestinal immunity high in IgA

65
Q

titer

A

in immunochemistry a measure of antibody level in a patient

determined by agglutination methods

66
Q

anamnestic response

A

an augmented response or memroy related to a prior stimulation of the immune system by antigen
boosts levels of immune substances

67
Q

natural immunity

A

acquired during normal biological experiences

68
Q

artificial immunity

A

immunizations, vaccines and immune serum

69
Q

active immunity

A

antigen activates B and T cells

70
Q

characteristics of active immunity

A

created memory cells for reexposure
several days to develop
lasts long time somtimes lifetime
can be acquired naturally or artificially

71
Q

passive immunity

A

receiving immune substances (antibodies) that were produced actively by another human or animal

72
Q

characteristics of passive immunity

A 
lack of memory of antigen
lack of antibody production against disease
immediate onset protection
short term effectiveness
can be natural or artificial
73
Q

variolation

A

hazardous, outmoded process of deliberately introducing small pox material scraped form a victim into non immune subject in hope of inducing resistance

74
Q

vaccine

A

orignally used in reference to inoculation with the cow pox vaccinia virus
NOW pertains to injection of whole microbes (killed or attenuated), toxoids, or parts of microbes as a prevention or cure of disease

75
Q

DNA vaccines

A

newer vaccine preperation based on inserting DNA from pathogens into host cells to encourage them to express the foreign protien and stimulate immunity

76
Q

adjuvant

A

chemical vehicle that enhances antigenicity presumably by prolonging antigen retention at the injection site

77
Q

Qualities of an effective vaccine

A

protect against exposure to natural, wild forms of the pathogen
low level of adverse side effects or toxicity and not cause harm
stimulate both antibody response and CMI response
long term lasting effects
NOT require numerous doses or boosters
inexpensive and have relatively long shelf life easy to administer

78
Q

Whole cell or virus subcategories

A

live, attenuated cells or viruses ‘

killed cells or inactivated viruses

79
Q

Part-of-organism preparations

A

sub units derived from cultures of cells or viruses
sub units chemically synthesized to mimic natural molecues found on the pathogens
sub units manufactured via genetic engineering
subunits conjugated with protiens to make them more immunogenic

80
Q

conjugated vaccines

A

subunit vaccines combined with carrier protiens, often from other microbes, to make them more immnogenic

81
Q

principle stages of immunity

A

lymphocyte development and differentiation
presentation of antigen
challenge of B & T cells by antigens
T cells response : CMI and B cell production of antibodies

82
Q

Co-receptors of mature T cells

A

CD4 CD8

83
Q

New strategies in vaccine production

A

antigen synthesis
gene cloning
recombinant DNA

84
Q

Antibody binding sites and frequency(numbers)

A 
IgA=4,2 13%
IgG=2 80%
IgM=10 6%
IgD=2 1%
IgE=2 .002%
85
Q

dimeric

A

2 binding sites

86
Q

CD8 receptor

A

cytotoxic T cells

87
Q

Acellular vaccines

A

epitope based vaccines

88
Q

IgG

A

long term immunity, opsonization and neutralize toxins bind to phagocytes

89
Q

IgA

A

secretory antibody Ex) tears, saliva, breast milk, mucus and colostrum

90
Q

IgM

A

first antibody produced in response to antigen

91
Q

IgD

A

main function is to serve a B cell receptor

92
Q

IgE

A

allergies, worm infections

mast cell and basophile binding

93
Q

attenuate

A

reduce virulence of pathogenic bacterium or virus

94
Q

Preperations that most vaccines are based on include

A

live attenuated microbes
pathogen derived antigens
killed cells or inactivated cells
genetically engineered microbes or their antigens

95
Q

oral vaccine advantages

A

well tolerated
can stimulate secretory IgA
more readily accepted
easy to administer

96
Q

Antibody class’s half life in serum

A 
IgG 23 days
IgA 6 days 
IgM 5 days
IgD 2.5 days
IgE 3 days
97
Q

poor immunogens include

A

simple and small molecules and repeating polymers

98
Q

main antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic B cells and macrophages

99
Q

Memory T cells live the longest

A

true

100
Q

T helper 1 cells functions

A

delayed hypersensitivity reactions
secrete cytokines
activation of CMI pathways

101
Q

T helper 2 cells functions

A

drive B cell proliferation

Secrete cytokines

102
Q

Antitoxin

A

can neutralize bacterial exotoxins

103
Q

regulatory T cells

A

control specific immune response

prevent autoimmunity

104
Q

vaccine administration routes

A

subcutaneous injection
intramuscular injection
intradermal injection

Chapter 13: Host Defenses II-Immunity and Immunization (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions