Chapter 13 Flashcards
Theory of Mind
Understanding that people have mental states such as desires, beliefs, and intentions and that these mental states guide their behavior.
Baren-Cohen
Found that 80% of autistic children failed false belief task, suggesting that they lack a theory of mind.
Early signs of developing theory of mind are:
- Joint Attention
- Understanding Intentions
- Pretend Play
- Imitation
- Emotional Understanding
Repacholi and Gopnik Found that…
14 month olds fed the experimenter the food THEY liked and 18 month olds fed her food SHE liked. Showing they develop a desire psychology.
Mirror Neurons and Autism are related how?
Autistic individuals do not have mirror neurons as active as others when asked to observe or imitate others’ actions.
Deaf children and theory of mind.
They develop one if they can communicate with their companions through sign language!
3 Basic components of morality
1) Emotional component
2) cognitive component
3) behavioral component
Empathy
vicariously experiencing another person’s feelings.
Altruism may be adaptive if…
We have reason to believe the help we give to nonrelatives will be reciprocated.
Mutually responsive orientation
close, emotionally positive, and cooperative relationship in which child and caregiver care about each other’s needs.
Moral rules
standards that focus on the welfare and basic rights of individuals
Social-conventional rules
standards determined by social consesus that tell us what is appropriate in specific social settings.
Basic theory of mind is established at age ___?
FOUR
Power assertion is…
NOT helpful with moral maturity in kids, but instead more associated with moral immaturity.
Postconventional reasoning emerges when?
Doesn’t emerge until adulthood, if it all!
Dodge’s Social Information Processing Model
1) Encoding of cues
2) Interpretation of cues
3) Clarification of goals
4) Response search
5) Response decision
6) Behavioral enactment
Coercive family environments
Family members locked in power struggles, each trying to control the others through negative, coercive tactics.
(MAO-A)
Gene on x-chromosome that affects our ability to control our tempers when threatened or provoked.
Cultural context…
contributes to antisocial behavior! (Americans are more likely than Japanese and Hispanics to be antisocial)
Most commen Kohlbergian stage for adults is?
STAGE FOUR
Moral reasoning skills..
Hold up well in older age.
Biological correlates are ________________ to cause aggressive behavior in most children.
NEITHER necessary NOR sufficient
Physical aggression
Begins at 18 months and increases in frequency until age of 2
Instrumental aggression
motivated by desire to obtain a concrete goal
Relational aggression
intended to harm others by damaging peer relationships
Kohlberg’s 3 Levels of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional (reasoning based on the individuals needs)
Conventional (Reasoning based on the view that social order must be maintained)
Postconventional (Reasoning based on the assumption that value, dignity, and rights of all individuals must be maintained
Stages in Preconventional Level
Stage 1 (Punishment and Obedience Orientation) [avoid trouble] Stage 2 (Instrumental Hedonism) [obey rules to get what you want in return]
Stages in Conventional Level
Stage 3 (Good boy or good girl morality) [reputation] Stage 4 (Authority and Social Order Maintaining Morality) [whatever the authorities say is right]
Stage in Postconventional Level
Stage 5 (Morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted law) [law should be changed if not right]
Carol Gilligan says…
There are differences in moral development with girls being more caring than boys.
