Chapter 13 +

Question 1

Charles Darwin was born in ______

Answer 1

Charles Darwin was born in 1809

Question 2

The prevaling ideas at the time were that:

• Earth is relativly ____________
• The species on earth are ___________

Answer 2

The prevaling ideas at the time were that:

• Earth is relativly young (6,000 years old)
• The species on earth are unchanging and unrelated

Question 3

Darwin was the naturalist on board the British ship ________

• The Voyage lasted from 1831 to 1836
• The ________ travled around the world, spending much of its time along the ____________

Answer 3

Darwin was the naturalist on board the British ship Beagle

• The Voyage lasted from 1831 to 1836
• The beagle travled around the world, spending much of its time along the South American Coastline

Question 4

Darwin observed much ______ among the plants and animals he encountered, _______________

-This was especially true at the ___________

Answer 4

Darwin observed much diversity among the plants and animals he encountered, but much unity as well

-This was especially true at the galapagos Islands

Question 5

During the voyage, Darwin read __________, written by _________ in 1830

–Lyell suggested that Earth is _______ 6,000 years and is sculpted by ______________.

–Darwin believed that ________, so too can ___________

Answer 5

During the voyage, Darwin read Principles of Geology, written by Charles Lyench in 1830

–Lyell suggested that Earth is much older than 6,000 years and is sculpted by very gradual geologic processes.

–Darwin believed that if the Earth can change, so too can the species that inhabit it.

Question 6

•In 1859, Darwin published The Origin of Species.
–The Origin of Species proposed that life evolves.
–Darwin used the phrase __________________ _____________________________________

In his text he proposed that ALL species are united by decent from ___________ ________________________________.

Answer 6

•In 1859, Darwin published The Origin of Species.
–The Origin of Species proposed that life evolves.
–Darwin used the phrase descent with modification to discribe evolution

In his text he proposed that ALL species are united by decent from common ancestry

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

•The Origin of Species emphasized two main points.

–Darwin presented evidence that evolution occurs.

–He also proposed the mechanism by which evolution occurs.
_____________________________

Answer 8

•The Origin of Species emphasized two main points.

–Darwin presented evidence that evolution occurs.

–He also proposed the mechanism by which evolution occurs.
Natural Selection

Question 9

Natural Selection

Answer 9

Favors some of a variation so that that variation populates next

Question 10

Evidence for Evolution
•Evidence used to support evolution include:
–__________________________________
–__________________________________
–__________________________________
–__________________________________

Answer 10

Evidence for Evolution
•Evidence used to support evolution include:
–The Fossil Record
–Comparative Anatomy
–Comparative Embryology
–Molelular Biology

Question 11

The Fossil Record
•Fossils are preserved remnants of past organisms.

–They are found in _______________________ _____________________________________

–The fossil record traces the history of life, from its origin to its current state.

Answer 11

The Fossil Record
•Fossils are preserved remnants of past organisms.

–They are found in sedimentary rocks, which form layers over time

–The fossil record traces the history of life, from its origin to its current state.

Question 12

Comparative Anatomy
•Comparative anatomy is the ______________ _________________between different species.

Answer 12

Comparative Anatomy
•Comparative anatomy is thecomparison of body structuresbetween different species.

Question 13

Comparative Embryology

•Comparative embryology is the comparison between different species of body structures that are ____________________________________.

Answer 13

Comparative Embryology

•Comparative embryology is the comparison between different species of body structures that are present only early in development.

Question 14

Molecular Biology

•Closely related species will have DNA with very similar __________________________________.

–There are fewer differences between them because they have spent less time diverging from their common ancestor.

Answer 14

Molecular Biology

•Closely related species will have DNA with very similar Nucleotides Sequences.

–There are fewer differences between them because they have spent less time diverging from their common ancestor.

Question 15

Answer 15

Question 16

Natural Selection
•Darwin based his mechanism of natural selection on two observations.

–All species have the potential to produce far more offspring than the environment can support with its limited resources.
________________________________ ________________________________

Answer 16

Natural Selection
•Darwin based his mechanism of natural selection on two observations.

–All species have the potential to produce far more offspring than the environment can support with its limited resources.
This leads to competion among the offspring for these resources

Question 17

–Individual organisms within the same species exhibit variation.
_________________________________

Answer 17

–Individual organisms within the same species exhibit variation.
Most of this variation is inherited

Question 18

•Darwin was able to infer natural selection by combining these two observations.
–Natural selection is _____________________ ________________________.

Answer 18

•Darwin was able to infer natural selection by combining these two observations.
–Natural selection is Unequal Reproductive Success

Question 19

–Individuals with more competitive traits will give them a competitive edge to survive, reproduce & pass their genes on to the next generation.

–An accumulation of traits over time is considered __________________________.

Answer 19

–Individuals with more competitive traits will give them a competitive edge to survive, reproduce & pass their genes on to the next generation.

–An accumulation of traits over time is considered Biological Evolution

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

•Natural selection is not a conscious, deliberate, or active process.
–Bacteria do not decide they need resistance to antibiotics.
–If a variation of bacteria is resistant to antibiotics, ___________________________ ____________________________________
–The antibiotics do not create the resistance, they _________________________.

Answer 21

•Natural selection is not a conscious, deliberate, or active process.

–Bacteria do not decide they need resistance to antibiotics.

–If a variation of bacteria is resistant to antibiotics, They are more likely to survive and reproduce

–The antibiotics do not create the resistance, they select those with the resistance.

Question 22

Microevolution
•Evolution is often described as a change in allele frequencies of a population from one generation to the next.
–Specifically, this is the definition of __________ ______________________________________ ____________________________________

Answer 22

Microevolution
•Evolution is often described as a change in allele frequencies of a population from one generation to the next.
–Specifically, this is the definition of microevolution, which shows variation between species

Question 23

Populations
•Populations are groups of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time.

–A population is the smallest level in the biological hierarchy that can evolve (________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________)

Answer 23

Populations
•Populations are groups of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time.

–A population is the smallest level in the biological hierarchy that can evolve (Because population are the smallest unit which can exhibit diversity)

Question 24

Allele Frequencies
•For a gene with two alleles, the frequency of the dominant allele in a population is represented by p.
•The frequency of the recessive allele is represented by q.

Answer 24

Allele Frequencies
•For a gene with two alleles, the frequency of the dominant allele in a population is represented by p.
•The frequency of the recessive allele is represented by q.

Question 25

Hardy Wineberg Equation

p² + 2Pq + q² = 0

•Knowing allele frequencies allows determination of genotype frequencies.
–____represents the frequency of homozygous dominant genotypes.
–____ represents the frequency of heterozygotes.
–____represents the frequency of homozygous recessives.

Answer 25

Hardy Wineberg Equation

p2 + 2Pq + q2 = 0

•Knowing allele frequencies allows determination of genotype frequencies.
–P² represents the frequency of homozygous dominant genotypes.
–2Pq represents the frequency of heterozygotes.
–q² represents the frequency of homozygous recessives.

Question 26

Answer 26

Question 27

•If the allele frequencies, and therefore the genotype frequencies, stay the same from one generation to the next, the population is in equilibrium.
–_____________________________

•If the allele and genotype frequencies do change over the generations, the population is undergoing microevolution.

Answer 27

•If the allele frequencies, and therefore the genotype frequencies, stay the same from one generation to the next, the population is in equilibrium.
–It is not evolving

•If the allele and genotype frequencies do change over the generations, the population is undergoing microevolution.