chapter 13 Flashcards
what can labeling do with personality disorders?
can distract from trying to understand the individual with the diagnosis
knowing what characteristics and behaviours tend to go together
necessary for describing clients for research purposes and discussing disorders with precision
what is a normal personality?
having adaptive solutions to life tasks
what are the 3 life tasks according to Livesely and colleagues?
- to form stable, integrated and coherent representations of self and others
- to develop capacity for intimacy
- to engage in pro-social and cooperative behaviours
what is the criteria for distinguishing normal vs disorders personalities according to Miltion’s perspective?
rigid and inflexible
self defeating, vicious cycle that perpetuate troubled ways of thinking and behaving
structural instability fragility “cracking” under stress
Personality Disorder - Normal:
not a sharp dividing line
normal traits associated with range of psychopathologies
having mild degree of few characteristics doesn’t imply having disorder
Personality Disorder - Abnormal:
disorders may thought of as exaggerated versions of traits that are advantageous when in normal range
unusual, original and creative - schizotypal
self confident and proud - narcissistic
what are the characteristics and prevalence of personality disorders
extreme inflexible personality traits
cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning
onset occurs in adolescence or early adulthood
stable over long period of time
not due to mood or physical illness
paranoid personality disorder
suspicious of other
elect to be mistreated to exploited by other
reluctant to confide in others
tend to blame others
can be extremely jealous
prevalence: occurs most frequently in men
what is the differential diagnosis and comorbidity of paranoid personality disorder?
hallucinations and full blown delusions are nor present
less impairment in social and occupational functioning than paranoid schizophrenia
what is schizoid personality disorder?
no desire for or enjoyment of social relationships
appear dull, bland and aloof
rarely report strong emotions
have little other no interest in sex
experience few pleasurable activities
indifferent to praise and criticism
loners with solitary interests
what is the prevalence and comorbidity in schizoid personality disorder?
prevalence <1%
slightly more common in men
comorbid either schizotypal, avoidant and paranoid personality disorders
what is schizotypal personality disorder?
eccentric behaviour and appearance
similar interpersonal difficulties of schizoid personality
what is a key schizotypal features?
eccentric thinking
odd beliefs or magical thinking
recurrent illusions
odd speech
ideas of reference
suspiciousness
paranoid idealtion
what is the prevalence of schizotypal personality disorder?
about 3%
slightly more frequent among men than women
comorbidity is higher than any other personality disorder
comorbid with borderline, avoidant and paranoid personality disorder
what is the etiology of the odd/ eccentric cluster?
based upon family study research
possible genetic links to schizophrenia
could be linked to history of PTSD and childhood maltreatment
what is Lorna Smith Benjamin’s take on personality disorders?
arise from disruptions in the attachment bond
1. copy inward
2. copy outward
3. complementary copy
what is an inward copy?
person does to themselves what others did to them when the person was a child
what is a copy outward?
person foes to others what others did to them as a child
what is a complementary copy?
person does what it takes to neutralize to undo the harmful effect of way that person was treated as a child
what is narcissistic personality disorder?
extreme pattern of arrogant, exploitative, entitled and damaging behaviour combined with notable lack of empathy
belief that one is superior even against evidence
expect and needs admiration from others
what are characteristics of narcissistic personality disorders?
lack of empathy and compassion for others
associated with other oriented perfectionism
expects special treatment and feels entitled
difficult to treat
who are some examples of sever narcissists?
hitler
mussolini
stalin
what is pathological narcissism?
7 components of pathological narcissism
4 factors assess narcissistic grandiosity
- three factors assess narcissistic vulnerability
- dark triad of narcissism
addition of dimension added: sadism
what does the dark triad consist of?
combination of narcissism, psychopathy and Machiavellianism
what is narcissistic rage?
often involves a response to criticism (justified or minor, actual or imagined)
triggered when someone feels they have been made to look foolish to someone else
disproportionate response to situation
what is an explanation for narcissistic rage?
person’s image of themselves as being superior is defence that use to deal either underlying feelings of inadequacy
criticism challenges this false image
what is the prevalence and comorbidity of narcissistic personality disorder?
<1% but may be considerably higher
comorbid with BPD
what is the etiology of narcissistic personality disorder?
immature grandiosity and dependent over idealization of others - failure to develop healthy self esteem
product of our times and system of values?
what is antisocial personality disorder?
2 main components in DSM 5
conduct disorder present before age 15
pattern f anti social behaviour that continues Ito adult hood
irresponsible and anti social behaviour
likely to work only inconsistency
break laws
physically aggressive
what is the comordity and prevalence of antisocial personality disorder?
comorbid with substance use
1%-4% of general population
what is psychopathy?
related to antisocial personality disorder but emphasizes psychological not just behavioural aspects
lack of remorse, no sense of shame
superficially charming
manipulates others for own personal gain exploits people
thrill seeking
who has psychopathy?
20% of people with APD sure higher on the Hare psychopath checklist
75-80% of convicted felons meet criteria for APD
15-25% of convicted felons meet criteria for psychopathy
what is the etiology of APD and psychopathy?
childhood roots of psychopathy
PCL-R distinguishes psychopathic children and youth from those without psychopathy
psychopathic personality in adolescence predicts antisocial behaviour in adulthood
what is the Hare psychopathy checklist revised (PCL-R) and psychopathy?
20 item scale, max score = 40
record review, info from others who know the patent
1% incidence in general pop, 15-25% in prison
10-15% “almost” psychopathic
lack empathy, grandiose
fearless
lack of fear about social and physical situations
surface charm
what is the etiology of APD and psychopathy - Family Role?
lack of affection
severe parental rejection
physical abuse
inconsistencies in disciplining
failure to teach kid responsibility towards others
what are the limitations to research findings on family role in APS and psychopathy?
harsh or inconsistent disciplinary practices could be reactions of child’r anti social behaviour
many individuals who come from disturbed backgrounds don’t become psychopaths
what is the etiology of ADP and psychopathy?
genetic correlates of ADP
criminality and APD have heritable components higher concordance for MZ compared to DZ twins pairs
what are the enviornmental influences of ADP and psychopathy?
high parental conflict and high negativity
low parental warmth prefect antisocial behaviours
families without antisocial tendencies may become harsh in their disciplining in reaction to the child with antisocial tendencies
