Chapter 1.3

Question 1

What are the meninges?

Answer 1

Three-layered sheath that helps to anchor the brain to the skull and resorbs cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 2

What are the three layers of the meninges?

Answer 2

Dura mater (outer layer), Arachnoid mater (middle), Pia mater (inner layer).

Question 3

Where are brain structures associated with basic survival located?

Answer 3

At the base of the brain.

Question 4

Where are brain structures associated with complex functions located?

Answer 4

Higher up in the brain.

Question 5

What is the brainstem responsible for?

Answer 5

It is the most primitive part of the brain.

Question 6

What does the hindbrain include?

Answer 6

Reticular formation, Medulla, Cerebellum, and Pons.

Question 7

What is the function of the reticular formation?

Answer 7

Arousal and alertness.

Question 8

What vital functions does the medulla control?

Answer 8

Heart, digestion, breathing, and vital reflexes.

Question 9

What is the role of the cerebellum?

Answer 9

Refined motor movements and balance.

Question 10

What does the pons do?

Answer 10

Facilitates communication within the brain and contains sensory and motor pathways.

Question 11

What is the function of the midbrain?

Answer 11

Sensorimotor reflexes.

Question 12

What are the inferior and superior colliculi responsible for?

Answer 12

Superior colliculus - visual stimuli; Inferior colliculus - auditory stimuli.

Question 13

What functions are associated with the forebrain?

Answer 13

Aggression, fear, pleasure, emotion, and memory.

Question 14

What does the limbic system regulate?

Answer 14

Emotion and memory.

Question 15

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 15

Language processing, problem solving, and complex functions.

Question 16

What is the role of the basal ganglia?

Answer 16

Movement.

Question 17

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 17

Sensory relay.

Question 18

What functions does the hypothalamus control?

Answer 18

Emotion, hunger, and thirst.

Question 19

What is the hindbrain also known as?

Answer 19

Rhombencephalon.

Question 20

What does the hindbrain divide to form?

Answer 20

Myelencephalon (medulla) and Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum).

Question 21

What is the midbrain also known as?

Answer 21

Mesencephalon.

Question 22

What does the forebrain divide to form?

Answer 22

Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system) and Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland).

Question 23

What is neuropsychology?

Answer 23

The study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain.

Question 24

What is a problem with loss of function studies?

Answer 24

Lesions are rarely isolated to only one region.

Question 25

What is extirpation?

Answer 25

Controlled lesions in lab animals to study the brain.

Question 26

What is electrical stimulation used for?

Answer 26

To record brain activity and create cortical maps.

Question 27

What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) do?

Answer 27

Records activity of large groups of neurons using electrodes.

Question 28

What is regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)?

Answer 28

A noninvasive method that detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow.

Question 29

What is computed tomography (CT)?

Answer 29

Takes multiple X-rays to produce cross-sectional images.

Question 30

What is positron emission tomography (PET)?

Answer 30

Involves injecting or absorbing radioactive sugar in the body.

Question 31

What does magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) do?

Answer 31

Maps out hydrogen dense regions of the body using a magnetic field.

Question 32

What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

Answer 32

Measures changes associated with blood flow using MRI techniques.