Chapter 13 Flashcards
Adrenal glands
Adren/o
Regulate electrolyte levels, influence metabolism, and respond to stress
Adren/o
Adrenal glands
Gonads
Gonad/o
Gamete (sex cell) producing glands
Gonad/o
Gonads
Male: testicles
Testic/o
Sperm producing gland
Testic/o
Testicles
Female: ovaries
Ovari/o
Oval (eggs) producing gland
Ovari/o
Ovaries
Pancreatic islets
Pancreat/o
Control blood sugar levels and glucose metabolism
Pancreat/o
Pancreatic islets
Parathyroid glands
Parathyroid/o
Regulate calcium levels throughout the body
Parathyroid/o
Parathyroid glands
Pineal gland
Pineal/o
Influences sleep-wakefulness cycle
Pineal/o
Pineal glands
Pituitary glands
Pituit/o, pituitar/o
Secretes hormones that control the activity of the other endocrine glands
Pituit/o
Pituitar/o
Pituitary glands
Thymus
Thym/o
Plays a major role in the immune reaction
Thym/o
Thymus
Thyroid gland
Thyr/o, thyroid/o
Stimulates metabolism, growth, and the activity of the nervous system
Thyr/o
Thyroid/o
Thyroid gland
Acr/o
Extremities (hands and feet), top, extreme point
Crin/o
Secrete
-dipsia
Thirst
Glyc/o
Glucose, sugar
-ism
Condition, state of
Poly-
Many
Somat/o
Body
Acromegaly
A rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hands and feet) caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty. Acr/o means extremities, -megaly means enlargement
Addison’s disease
A condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone. Sometimes referred to Addison disease. This potentially life-threatening condition is characterized by chronic, worsening fatigue and muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low blood pressure, and weight loss. Many patients also developed patches of dark skin
Adrenalitis
Inflammation of the adrenal glands. Adrenal means adrenal gland, -itis means inflammation
Aldosteronism
An abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
ADH. The hormone, which is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys
Calcitonin
Produced by the thyroid gland, A hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth
Conn’s syndrome
A disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone. Can cause weakness, cramps, and convulsions
Cortisol
A corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action; it also regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body. Also known as hydrocortisone.
Cretinism
A congenital form of hypothyroidism that, if not treated soon after birth, causes arrested physical and mental development
Cushing’s syndrome
A condition caused by the overproduction of cortisol by the body or by taking corticosteroids to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Also known as hypercortisolism. Cortisol has an anti-inflammatory action and helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body. Signs include a rounded, red “moon” face
Diabetes insipidus
DI. A condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH. When there is an insufficient quantity of ADH, too much fluid is excreted by the kidneys. This causes polydipsia (excessive thirst) and polyuria (excessive urination) that in extreme cases can reach over 20 quarts a day. If this problem is not controlled, it can cause severe dehydration
Diabetes mellitus
DM. The most common endocrine system disease. A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. These conditions are classified as type 1, type 2, and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
Diabetic retinopathy
Injury to the eye that occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina of the eye. This causes blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball and produces the damage that causes the loss of vision
Electrolytes
Mineral substances, such as calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium, normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids
Epinephrine
Epi, EPI. A hormone that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear. Also known as adrenaline. It makes the heart beat faster and can raise blood pressure. It also helps the liver release glucose and limits the release of insulin
Estrogen
E. A hormone with an important role in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of the menstrual cycle
Exophthalmos
An abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit. Ex- means out, ophthalm/o means eye, -s means noun ending
Follicle-stimulating hormone
FSH. The hormone that stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ove (eggs) in the ovaries of the female. In the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicle (testes)
Fructosamine test
A blood test that measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks. This test is able to detect changes more rapidly than the HbAlc test
Gestational diabetes mellitus
The form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies. This condition usually disappears after deluvery; however, many wo.en have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in layer life
Gigantism
Abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
Glucagon
GCG. Hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream. The hormone that increases the amount of glucose in the bloodstream by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release into the bloodstream.
Glucose
The basic form of energy used by the body. Also known as blood sugar
Graves’ disease
A disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone, resulting in hyperthyroidism and can cause goiter, exophthalmos, or both
Growth hormone
GH. The hormone that regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues. Also known as somatotropic hormone. Somat/o means body, trop means change, -ic means pertaining to
Gynecomastia
The condition of excessive mammary development in the male. This is caused by a decrease in testosterone. Gynec/o means female, Mast means breast, -ia means abnormal condition
Hashimoto’s disease
An autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland. Also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. This inflammation often leads to hypothyroidism
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth. This can lead to weakened bones and the formation of kidney stones. Hyper- means excessive, calc means calcium, -emia means blood condition
Hyperglycemia
An abnormally high concentration of glucose in the bloodthis is seen primarily in patients with diabetes mellitus. Symptoms are polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria. Hyper- means excessive, glyc means sugar, -emia means blood condition
Hyperinsulinism
A condition marked by excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream. This can cause hypoglycemia. Hyper- means excessive, insulin means insulin, -ism means condition
Hyperpituitarism
The excessive secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism. Hyper- means excessive, pituitar means pituitary, -ism means condition
Hyperthyroidism
Also known as thyrotoxicosis. The overproduction of thyroid hormones, which causes an imbalance of metabolism. This causes symptoms including an increased metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness, and weight loss. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease. Hyper- means excessive, thyroid means thyroid, -ism means condition
Hypoglycemia
An abnormally low concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Symptoms include nervousness and shakiness, confusion, perspiration, or feeling anxious or weak. Hypo- means deficient, glyc means sugar, -emia means blood condition
Hypoglycemia
An abnormally low concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood
Hypothyroidism
A deficiency of thyroid secretion.also known as underactive thyroid. Symptoms include fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, and a decreased metabolic rate. Hypo- means deficient, thyroid means thyroid, -ism means condition
Insulin
The hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. Its function is to allow glucose to enter cells for energy or to stimulate the liver to convert glucose to glycogen for storage
Insulin
The hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. Its function is to allow glucose to enter cells for energy or to stimulate the liver to convert glucose to glycogen for storage
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin. Insulin means insulin, -oma means tumor
Ketosis
A normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking. An excessively high level of ketosis may indicate that the body is not producing enough insulin to convert glucose into energy
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
A minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands. Adrenal means adrenal gland, -ectomy means surgical removal
Leptin
A protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite. Letting leaves the fat cells and travels in the bloodstream to the brain, where it acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and burn fat stored in adipose tissue
Luteinizing hormone
LH. The hormone that stimulates ovulation in the female and production of the female sex hormone progesterone. In the male, it stimulates the secretion of testosterone
Myxedema
Also known as adult hypothyroidism. Caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion. Symptoms include swelling, particularly around the eyes and cheeks, fatigue, and a subnormal temperature
Norepinephrine
A combination of a hormone and a neurohormone that plays an important role in the “fight-or-flight response”, by raising blood pressure, strengthening the heartbeat, and stimulating muscle contractions. It is released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system
Oxytocin
OXT. Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. After childbirth, oxytocin controls postnatal hemorrhage and stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary glands. Oxy- means swift, -tocin means labor
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas. A leading cause of pancreatitis is long-term alcohol abuse. Pancreat means pancreas, -itis means inflammation
Parathyroidectomy
The surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands. Performed to control hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid means parathyroid glands, -ectomy means surgical removal
Pituitary adenoma
Two types of slow-growing, benign tumors of the pituitary gland that may or may not cause excess hormone secretion. Functioning pituitary tumors and nonfunctioning pituitary tumors. Also known as pituitary tumor
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst. Poly-means many, -dipsia means thirst
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger. Poly- means many, -phagia means eating
Polyuria
Excessive urination. Poly- means many, -uria mens urination
Prediabetes
A condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. However, this condition indicates an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke
Progesterone
This hormone, whose function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, is released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary
Prolactinoma
A benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes the gland to produce too much prolactin (lactogenic hormone), can cause infertility in women and erectile dysfunction in men and can impair vision. Pro- means on behalf of, lactin means milk, -oma means tumor
Puberty
The process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing. It is marked by maturing of the genital organs, the development of secondary sex characteristics, and the first occurrence of menstruation in the female. In US, average age is 12 for girls, 11 for boys
Radioactive iodine treatment
RAI. The oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells. This nuclear medicine procedure, which disables at least part of the thyroid gland, is used to treat thyroid cancer and chronic hyperthyroid disorders such as Graves’ disease
Steroids
A large family of hormonelike substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure. Secreted by endocrine glands or artificially produced as medications to relieve swelling and inflammation in conditions such as asthma
Testosterone
A steroid hormone secreted by the testes and the adrenal cortex that stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Thymectomy
The surgical removal of the thymus gland. Thym means thymus, -ectomy means surgical removal
Thymitis
Inflammation of the thymus gland. Thym means thymus, -itis means inflammation
Thymosis
Hormone secreted by the thymus gland that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells of the immune system
Thyroxine
T4. One of the primary hormones secreted by the thyroid gland that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of other body systems
Primary function of the endocrine system
Produce hormones that work together to maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis
The processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
Hormones
Chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream. This enables them to reach targeted cells and organs throughout the body. Each hormone has specialized functions in regulating the activities of specific cells, organs, or both. The hormones of the endocrine system affect almost every organ and cell in the body. Blood or urine tests are used to measure hormone levels
Endocrine glands
Produce hormones, do not have ducts. Endo- means within, -crine means to secrete
13 major glands of the endocrine system
1 pituitary gland (divided into 2 lobes)
1 pineal gland
1 thyroid gland
4 parathyroid glands
1 thymus
1 pancreas (pancreatic islets)
2 adrenal glands
2 gonads (ovaries or testicles)
Pituitary gland
Also called hypophysis. Pea-sized gland that is divided into 2 parts, the anterior and posterior lobes. These lobes hang from a stalk-like structure located below the hypothalamus in the brain. The hypothalamus is part of the nervous system that produces hormones that control many body functions
Functions of the pituitary gland
Primary function is to secrete hormones that control the activity of other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland acts in response to stimuli from neurohormones secreted by the hypothalamus. This creates a system of checks and balances to maintain an appropriate blood level of each hormone
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH. Stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex. Adren/o means adrenal, cortic/o means cortex, trop means change, -ic means pertaining to
FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone
GH
Growth hormone
LTH
Lactogenic hormone
Lactogenic hormone
LTH. Also known as prolactin. Stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth. Lact/o means milk, gen means producing, -ic means pertaining to
LH
Luteinizing hormone
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
MSH. Increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of ski pigmentation. MSH production usually increases during pregnancy
MSH
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
TSH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Thyroid-stimukating hormone
TSH. Stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
OXT
Oxytocin
Diuretic
This is administered to increase the amount of urine secretion
Pitocin
Synthetic form of oxytocin that is administered to induce or speed up labor
Pineal gland
Very small endocrine gland, also known as pineal body. Located in the central portion of the brain and takes its name from the Latin word for pinecone, referring to the shape of the gland
Circadian cycle
Refers to the biological functions that occur within a 24-hour period
Melantonin
A hormone influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle
Function of pineal gland
Secretions of the pineal gland influence sleep-wakefulness cycle
Thyroid gland
Butterfly-shaped gland lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage
Function of the thyroid gland
One of primary functions is to regulate the body’s metabolism. Thyroid secretions also influence growth and the functioning of the nervous system
2 primary thyroid hormones
These regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems. The rate of secretions of these two hormones is controlled by the thyroid-stimulsting hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
1. Thyroxine (T4)
2. Triidothyronine (T3)
Parathyroid glands
There are four glands with each is about the size of a grain of rice, are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Functions of the parathyroid glands
Primary function is to regulate calcium levels throughout the body. These calcium levels are important to the smooth functioning of the muscular and nervous systems
Secretions of parathyroid gland
Includes parathyroid hormones
PTH
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
PTH. Works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland. Together, they regulate the calcium levels in the blood and tissues. Higher-than-normal levels of parathyroid hormone can increase calcium levels in the blood by mobilizing the release of calcium stored in bones and teeth
Thymus gland
Located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity. It is posterior to (behind) the sternum and slightly superior to (above) the heart
Secretions of the thymus gland
Thymosin
Functions of the thymus gland
Secretes a hormone that functions as part of the immune system, helping develop the body’s immune system before birth and in childhood. Its function is greatly reduced after puberty, and it slowly turns into fatty tissue
Pancreas
Feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine system
Islet
Small isolated mass, or island, of one type of tissue within a larger mass of a different type
Pancreatic islets
Parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions
Functions of the pancreatic islets
To control the blood glucose levels and glucose metabolism throughout the body
Secretions of the pancreatic islets
- Glucose
- Glucagon
- Insulin
GCG
Glucagon
Insulin functions in 2 ways
- When energy is needed, insulin allows glucose to enter the cells to be used as this energy
- When additional glucose is not needed, insulin stimulates the liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage
Adrenal gland
Also known as suprarenals, so named because they are located on top of each kidney. Each of these glands have adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Adrenal cortex
Outer portion of the adrenal gland
Adrenal medulla
Middle portion of the adrenal gland
Functions of the adrenal glands
One of primary functions is to control electrolyte levels within the body. Other important functions include helping regulate metabolism and interacting with the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress
Secretions of the adrenal cortex
Androgens
Corticosteroids
Androgens
Sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells
Reabsorption
Returning a substance to the bloodstream
Corticosteroids
Steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
ALD. A corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys
ALD
Aldosterone
Secretions of the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Epi
EPI
Epinephrine
Gonads
Gamete-producing glands. Ovaries in females, testicles in males
Functions of gonads
Secretes the hormones that are responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sex characteristics that develop during puberty
Secondary sex characteristics
Refer to features that distinguish the two sexes but are not directly related to reproduction
Precocious
Exceptionally early in development or occurrence
Precocious puberty
Early onset of the changes of puberty, usually before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys
E
Estrogen
Gamete
Reproductive cell. These are sperm in the male and ova (eggs) in the female
Gonadotropin
Any hormone that stimulates the gonads. Gonad/o means gonad, -tropin means to stimulate
Androgens
Sex hormones, primarily testosterone, secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells. Promote the development and maintenance of the male sex characteristics
Specialized types of hormones
Don’t fit with the hormone definition, either because of their chemical structure or because they are not secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream such as steroids, hormones secreted by fat cells, neurohormones
Examples of steroids
Cholesterol
Testosterone
Anti-inflammatory corticosteroids such as prednisone
Anabolic steroids
Man-mad substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones. They are used in the treatment of hormone problems in men and to help the body replace muscle mass lost due to disease
Hormones secreted by fat cells
Adipose tissue is not commonly thought of as an endocrine gland; however, research has shown that fat cells do secrete at least one and possibly more hormones that play important roles in the balance and health of the body
Ghrelin
A hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes referred to as the hunger hormone, research is ongoing to flesh out the role that leptin and ghrelin play in rising levels of obesity
Neurohormones
Produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream. Example is neurohormones secreted by the hypothalamus that control the secretions of the pituitary gland
Endocrinologist
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine gland. Endocrin means to secrete within, -ologist means specialist
CDE
Certified diabetes educator
Certified diabetes educator
CDE. Health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease
Functioning pituitary tumors
Often produce hormones in large and unregulated amounts. One of two types of pituitary adenoma
Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors
Do not produce excessive amounts of hormones. One of 2 types of pituitary adenoma
Short stature
Formerly known as dwarfism, sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone
Galactorrhea
A condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth
DI
Diabetes insipidus
Insipidus
Comes from a Latin word meaning without taste, referring to the relatively low sodium (salt) content of the urine in patients with diabetes insipidus
SIADH
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
SIADH. Caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH. This is often as a result of cancer or its treatment. High amounts of ADH keep the kidneys from excreting water, resulting in bloating and water retention that can dilute the blood, causing electrolytes imbalances, particularly hyponatremia (low levels of sodium)
Pinealoma
Tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin. This tu.or can also cause insomnia by disrupting the circadian cycle. Pineal means pineal gland, -oma means tumor
Thyroid carcinoma
Most common cancer of the endocrine system, and is the most rapidly increasing cancer in US. Has high survival rate, affects significantly more women than men and is commonly diagnosed between ages 20-55
Thyroid nodules
Lumps in the thyroid that can grow large enough to cause a goiter. Most nodules are benign, some are malignant or produce too much thyroxine
Thyroid storm
Also known as thyrotoxic crisis. Relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism. Symptoms are fever, chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, tremors, increased sweating, disorientation, and fatigue
Goiter
Also known as thyromegaly. An abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland. This enlargement produces a swelling in the front of the neck. Usually occurs when the thyroid gland is not able to produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the body’s needs, either due to Graves’ disease, other medical conditions, or an iodine deficiency. Thyr/o means thyroid, -megaly means abnormal enlargement
Hyperparathyroidism
Overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia. Can result from a disorder of the parathyroid gland or from a disorder elsewhere in the body, such as kidney failure. Hyper- means excessive, parathyroid means parathyroid, -ism means condition
Tetany
Condition of periodic, painful muscle spasms and tremors
Hypoparathyroidism
Caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone. This condition causes hypocalcemia, and in severe cases, it leads to tetany. Hypo-means deficient, parathyroid means parathyroid, -ism means condition
Hypocalcemia
Characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. Hypo- means deficient, calc means calcium, -emia means blood condition
Juvenile diabetes
When the child develops diabetes. But it is now called either type 1 or type 2
DB
Diabetes mellitus
Metabolic syndrome
Common combination of medical conditions, including increased blood pressure, elevated levels of insulin in the blood, excess body fat around the waist, or abnormal cholesterol levels. This syndrome increases the patient’s risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes
Insulin deficiency
The pancreatic beta cells do not secrete enough insulin
Insulin replacement therapy
Treatment for type 1 diabetes involves a combination of diet, exercise, and this therapy administered by injection or insulin pump
Type 1 diabetes
Autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells. Symptoms are polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, blurred vision, extreme fatigue, and slow healing. The onset of this disease is often triggered by a viral infection
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance disorder. With rise of obesity, this type is becoming more common in children and young adults
Insulin resistance
Insulin is being produced, but the body does not use it effectively. In an attempt to compensate for this lack of response, the body secretes more insulin
Asymptomatic
Showing no symptoms. A person with type 2 diabetes may be asymptomatic. When symptoms do occur, they include those of type 1 diabetes plus recurring infections, irritability, and a tingling sensation in the hands or feet
Treatment for type 2 diabetes
Usually diet, exercise, and oral medications including oral hypoglycemics , glucophage, insulin replacement therapy
Oral hypoglycemics
Lower blood glucose by causing the pancreas to release more insulin or by increasing the body’s sensitivity to insulin
Glucophage
Metformin hydrochloride. Work within the cells to combat insulin resistance and to help insulin let blood glucose into the cells
LADA
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
Latent
Present but not visible
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
LADS. Also known as type 1.5 diabetes. Condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults. It shares many of the characteristics of type 2 diabetes; however, autoimmune antibodies are present. Usually occurs in adults with a normal weight and family history of type 1 diabetes. 10% of adults with diabetes have LADA
Diabetic coma
Caused by very high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Also known as diabetic ketoacidosis, this condition is treated by the prompt administration of insulin
Insulin shock
Caused by very low blood glucose (hypoglycemia)
Oral glucose
Sugary substance that can quickly be absorbed into the bloodstream, is consumed to rapidly raise the blood sugar level
Diabetic complications
Most result from the damage to capilkaries and other blood vessels due to long-term exposure to excessive blood glucose.
Diabetic retinopathy
Heart disease
Ketosis
Kidney disease
Peripheral neuropathy
Wound infections
Heart disease-diabetes
Occurs when excess blood glucose makes the walls of the blood vessels sticky and rigid. This encourages hypertension and atherosclerosis and increases the risk of stroke
Kidney disease - diabetes
Can lead to renal failure because damage to the blood vessels reduces blood flow through the kidneys
Peripheral neuropathy - diabetes
Damage to the nerves affecting the hands and feet which makes it harder to feel a cut or other injury
Slow wound healing - diabetes
Poorly controlled glucose can also slow wound healing and increase the likelihood of wound infections. This can make minor injuries worse and lead to ulcers and gangrene, requiring amputation, particularly in the feet and legs
Pheochromocytoma
Rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are the hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure. Phe/o means dusky, chrom/o means color, cyt means cell, -oma means tumor
Hypergonadism
Condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands. Hyper- means excessive, gonad means sex gland, -ism means condition
Hypogonadism
Condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands. Hypo- means deficient, gonad means sex gland, -ism means condition
RAIU
Radioactive iodine uptake test
Radioactive iodine uptake test
RAIU. Uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function. The amount of radioactivity in the thyroid is measured 6-24 hours later using a handheld instrument called a Gamma probe
Thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
A diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone. This test is used to detect abnormal thyroid activity resulting from excessive pituitary stimulation
Thyroid scan
Measures thyroid function, a form of nuclear medicine
FBS
Fasting blood sugar test
Fasting blood sugar test
FBS. Also known as fasting plasma glucose test. Measures the blood glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8-12 hours. This test is used to screen for diabetes as well as to monitor treatment for this condition
OGTT
Oral glucose tolerance test
Oral glucose tolerance test
OGTT. Most commonly performed to diagnosed gestational diabetes. After fasting 8 hours, the patient drinks a liquid containing a high concentration of sugar, and the blood glucose level is tested after 1 hour and again after 2 hours
Home blood glucose monitoring
Measures the current blood glucose level using a drop of blood, and is often performed by the patient multiple times per day
Randome blood glucose test
Uses a blood drop sample to measure the current blood glucose level without fasting and can be used to diagnose diabetes
HbA1c
Hemoglobin A1c testing
Hemoglobin A1c
Also known as HbA1c. Blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3-4 months
HGH
Human growth hormone
Human growth hormone
HGH. Synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development
Hypophysectomy
Removal of abnormal glandular tissue. This surgery is performed through the nasal passages. Hypophys means referring to the pituitary gland, -ectomy means removal
Pinealectomy
Surgical removal of the pineal gland. Pineal means pineal gland, -ectomy means surgical removal
Antithyroid drug
Medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
Lobectomy
Surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland
Synthetic thyroid hormones
Oral medications administered to replace lost thyroid function
Pancreatectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas. Pancreat means pancreas, -ectomy means surgical removal
Total pancreatectomy
Performed to treat pancreatic cancer. This procedure also involves removing the spleen, gallbladder, common bile duct, and portions of the small intestine and stomach
Cortisone
Synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands. Cortisone and the synthetic corticosteroid prednisone, are administered to suppress inflammation and as an immunosuppressant
Epinephrine autoinjector
Also known as EpiPen, device used to inject a measured dose of epinephrine. A synthetic version of the adrenal hormone epinephrine is used as a vasoconstrictor to cause the blood vessels to contract. It is used to treat conditions such as allergic reactions, shock, and cardiac arrest
FA
Fructosamine test
GA
Graves’ disease
HG
Hypoglycemia
LEP
LPT
Leptin
A.c.
Before meals
A.c.
Before meals
p.c.
After meals
Ca
Calcium
K+
Potassium
Na+
Sodium
DKA
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hb
Hgb
Hemoglobin
HCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
HCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
IDDM
Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
NIDDM
Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
