Chapter 13

Question 1

Food Molecules are broken down (Catabolism) Three steps

Answer 1

1. Breakdown of food into smaller subunits
2. Breakdown of simple subunits into Acetyl CoA; a limited amount of ATP and NADH produced. Pyruvate is transported into matrix from the cytosol.
   - Large amounts of actyle coA are produced by stepwise oxidation of fatty acids from fats.
3. Complete oxidation of Acetyl CoA to H20 and CO2; large amounts of ATP are produced in the mitochondria.

• Actyle CoA is transferred into Oxaloacetate molecules in the citric acid cycle.
• Actycle CoA is oxidized into CO2 with the production of large amounts of ATP.
• NADH is passed along like a common hoe along a series of enzyme complexes along the inner membrane of the mitco. this is called the electron-transport chain.
• The energy released by the transfer for electrons is used to drive oxidative phosphorylation of ADP INTO ATP.

Question 2

Gylocysis, starting mole, place and net product

Answer 2

starting mole is glucose, invests 2ATP to give us 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
Place is the cytosol.

Question 3

Ezymes of Gyloycis

Answer 3

KIDM, aldolase and Enolase

Kinease, adds a phosphate to shit. can be seen is steps 1 and 3, and 7 and 10.

Isomerease rearranges bonds can be seen in 2 and 5.

Dehydrogenase, oxidization by removing hydrogen. Step 6.

Mutaste rearranges/ shifts the position of a chemical group, steps 8 and 10.

Aldolase step 4 is when a suger is cleaved from 6 carbon into two three-carbon moles.

Enolase, Step 9 removes stater from starting molecules 2PG becomes PEP.

Question 4

Energy investment steps

Answer 4

From 1-3

Question 5

Cleave of sugar in two

Answer 5

Step 4

Question 6

Oxidative reaction

Answer 6

Step 6 also the step where energy generation starts, produces NADH and H+.

Question 7

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 7

Steps 7 and 10.
Step 7 and 10 is substrate-level phosporalytation.
Step 7 it generates the 1st ATP.

Question 8

One mole of glucose makes.

Answer 8

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Question 9

Fermentation takes place in the, What is the starting molecule and product energy carrie mol. and Product.

Answer 9

Cytosol Location.

Starting Mol. Pyruvate.

Energy carries NADH, lactate, CO2, and NAD+.

Product: Lactate, ethanol, NAD+ For humans and yeast), CO2.

Question 10

Pyruvate oxidation

Answer 10

Place: Mitochondrial.
Starts with Pyruvate.
Carries NADH.
Product Actyle CoA and CO2.

Question 11

Fatty Acid OXdiation

Answer 11

Location Mito.

Starts Fatty acid Actylce CoA.

Carries NADH AND FADH2.

product: Actycle CoA.

Question 12

Citric Acid cycle

Answer 12

Location Mito

Starts Actylce CoA.
Carries NADH, GTP, FADH2

Product is CO2 x2, Oxaloacate.

Question 13

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Answer 13

This complex is made up of three enzymes.
1. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase produces CO2.

2. Dihdrolipoyl transacetylase, using coenzyme A to make Acetyl Co.
3. Dihdrolipoyl Dehydrogenase, results in NADH which will be used in the ETC.

The pyruvate of glycolysis is actively pumped into the matrix.

In the matrix, Pyruvate is decarboxylated by the complex Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Question 14

PRODUCTS OF PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLATION

Answer 14

CO2 (wate), NADH and Actcyle CoA.

Question 15

Citric Acid Cycle LOCATION AND FUNCTION.

Answer 15

LOCATION IS THE MARTIX.
Generates NADH by Oxidizing Acetclyl CoA groups to CO2.

THIS CYCLE STARTS WHEN ACYTCLE COA ENTERS AND OXALOACETATE EXISTS AS THE FINAL PRODUCT.

Question 16

Citric Acid Cycle END PRODUCTS

Answer 16

GTP, FADH2, CO2, NADH.

Question 17

Citric Acid Cycle Enzymes

Answer 17

Citrate Synthase -> converts coA into citrate. First step

Malate Dehydrogenase -> Converts Malate into Oxaloacaetate Last step.

Question 18

Citric Acid Cycle Step Overview

Answer 18

Step 1: Condensation of Actycle CoA with Oxaloacetate.

In step 5: Substrate level phosphorylation. Succinyl-CoA -> Succinate. Energy released from here is used to make GTP from GDP, and Pi by substrate-level phosphorylation.
GTP is used to make ATP.

Step 8: Malate converted to oxaloacetate.

Question 19

Citric Acid Cycle ATP generation

Answer 19

Total ATP made is 12 ATP.
Per turn, I think 2 ATP is made tho.

Question 20

Citric Acid Cycle Flow Overview

Answer 20

Actycle CoA -> Citrate -> Ketoglutarate -> Succinyl CoA -> Oxaloacetate.