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Biology 1014 ch.13-16 > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

provides interpretation and integration of sensation,consciousness and cognition

A

brain

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3
Q

nerve cell bodies within the CNS “gray matter”

A

nucleus

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4
Q

bundles of parallel axons within the CNS “white matter”

A

nerve tracts

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5
Q

crossing over of nerve tracts

A

decussation

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6
Q

majors regions of the brain (4)

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

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7
Q

seat of consciousness,perception,thought, control of motor activity.

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

what controls muscle activity/posture in the cerebrum?

A

basal nuclei ganglia

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9
Q

autonomic responses, emotion/mood in the cerebrum?

A

the limbic system

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10
Q

inculdes thalamus(sensory relay center), subthalamus,(nerve tracts/nuclei) epithalamus(nuclei for olfaction and pineal gland) and hypothalamus(maintains homeostasis,endocrine system control)

A

diencephalon

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11
Q

contains the medulla oblongata(contains vital centers, brain/spinal cord relay center), pons varoli(relay between cerebrum/cerebellum), and midbrain(visual and auditory reflex centers

A

brainstem

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12
Q

controls musclular cordination/tone

A

cerebellum

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13
Q

mixing of gray and white matter, occurs in brain stem-important in sleep/wake cycle

A

reticular formation

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14
Q

receives visual, auditory and olfactory stimuli to maintain a state of wakefulness

A

reticular activation system (ras)

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14
Q

connects brain with spinal cord

A

brainstem

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15
Q

enlargement on the anterior surface of medulla, contains descending (motor) nerve tracts for skeletal muscle control

A

pyramids

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16
Q

contains vital centers:cardiac center(hr), Respiratory center, vasomotor center(bp), swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing center

A

medulla

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17
Q

nerve tracts experience a cross over. ex: left side of brain controls motor activity on right side of body and vice versa

A

Decussation of the pyramids

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18
Q

2 oval structures, nuclei involved in balance, coordination, modulation of sound impulses from inner ear

A

olives

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19
Q

cn IX, X, XI, & XII exit brain at this level

A

medulla

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20
Q

relay center between cerebrum and cerebellum, cn V,VI,VII,VIII,& IX nuclei are found here, contains sleep and respiratory centers

A

pons

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21
Q

tectum=roof

A

midbrain

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22
Q

4 nuclei found in the midbrain

A

corpora quadrigemina

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23
Q

hearing reflex pathways

A

inferior colliculi

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24
Q

visual reflexes- receives input from eye, inferior colliculi, skin and cerebrum; sends fibers to cn III, IV, AND VI (eyeball movers) and spinal cord region that innervated neck muscles) turn head/eye toward stimuli

A

superior colliculi

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25
Q

ascending tracts with paired red nuclei (unconscious regulation/coordination of motor activities)

A

tegmentum

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26
Q

descending tracts, major cns motor pathway

A

cerebral peduncles

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27
Q

nuclei contains melanin(interconnected with basal ganglia

A

substantia nigra

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28
Q

located between cerebrum and brainstem

A

diencephalon

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29
Q

sensory relay center, contains 2 lobes connected by the intermediate mass (where most sensory info is receives before relay to cerebrum)

A

thalamus

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30
Q

surrounds intermediate mass and separates lobes of thalamus

A

3rd ventricle

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31
Q

auditory impulses

A

mediate geniculate nucleus

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32
Q

visual impulses

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

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33
Q

basal nuclei and motor cortex

A

ventral anterior/lateral nuclei

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34
Q

limbic system and prefrontal cortex

A

anterior/medial nuclei

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35
Q

other sensory info

A

ventral posterior nucleus

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36
Q

cerebral cortex, regulates mood

A

lateral dorsal nucleus

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37
Q

other thalamic nuclei, sensory integration

A

lateral posterior nucleus

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38
Q

associated with maintenance of homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

39
Q

connected the hypothalamus via __________ to __________

A

infundibulum to pituitary gland

40
Q

name the autonomic functions that the hypothalamus regulates. (7)

A
  1. HR, BP, GI tract movement, etc.
    2.controls muscles involved in swallowing and shivering responses
  2. temp regulation
  3. regulation of food and water intake
  4. regulation of sleep wake cycle
  5. regulates emotions site of “mood altering” drug binding
  6. receives input from visceral organs, taste receptors, limbic system, cutaneous areas associated with sexual arousal and prefrontal cortex (mood regulation)
41
Q

provides emotional response to odor

A

mamillary bodies

42
Q

nuclei associated with basal ganglia system-controls motor function

A

subthalamus

43
Q

emotion and smell (visceral response to odor)

A

habenular nuclei

44
Q

important in onset of puberty, may contain ca/mg salts=brain sand used as a land marking for x ray imaging (produces melatonin)

A

pineal gland

45
Q

controls balance, gross and fine motor control. Promotes smooth, coordinated movements, consists of 2 lateral hemispheres with ridges folia and arbor vitae structure

A

cerebellum

46
Q

flocculonodular lobe

A

balance and muscle tone

47
Q

vermis

A

gross motor control and muscle tone

48
Q

fine motor control- smooth/flowing movement

A

lateral hemisphere

49
Q

what do field sobriety test assess?

A

cerebellar function

50
Q

left and right hemisphere divided by a longitudinal fissure

A

cerebrum

51
Q

fold of tissue increase surface area

A

gyrus

52
Q

grooves between gyri

A

sulcus

53
Q

which lobe controls voluntary motor function, motivation, mood, aggression

A

frontal lobe

54
Q

central sulcus contains what two gyrus

A

precentral and postcentral gyrus

55
Q

primary motor area

A

precentral gyrus

56
Q

primary sensory area

A

post central gyrus

57
Q

which lobes reception/evaluation of sensory input (except olfaction)

A

parietal lobe

58
Q

which lobe contains visual centers

A

occipital lobe

59
Q

which lobes receive olfactory and auditory input; plays a role in memory

A

temporal lobe

60
Q

abstract thought and judgement

A

psychic cortex

61
Q

deep within lateral fissures, may integrate other areas

A

insula

62
Q

gray matter on outer surface of cerebrum

A

cortex

63
Q

gray matter deep within cerebral hemisphere

A

nuclei

64
Q

white matter found between cortex and nuclei of cerebrum

A

cerebral medulla

65
Q

connected areas within the same hemisphere

A

association fibers

66
Q

connect r/l hemispheres

A

commissures fibers

67
Q

connect cerebrum with other brain regions

A

projection fibers

68
Q

3 layers of protective ct

A

meninges

69
Q

meninges layers

A

meninges layers- bone-epidural space (cord only)- dura mater- subdural space- arachnoid layer- subarachnoid space (with csf)- pia mater- CNS

70
Q

protects and cushions brain/cord,circulates thru ventricles (brain) and central canal(cord) , csf leaves subarachnoid space through arachnoid granulations and return to blood

A

CSF

71
Q

CSF- accumulation/blocked flow

A

hydrocephalus

72
Q

cavities within brain lined by ependymal cells

A

ventricles

73
Q

within r/l hemispheres, separated by septum pellucidum

A

lateral ventricle

74
Q

associated with the diencephalon (csf passes through interventricular foramen into the ____ ventricle)

A

Third ventricle

75
Q

narrow passage way between 3rd and 4th ventricles (where csf flows)

A

cerebral aqueduct

76
Q

located between cerebellum and brainstem

A

4th ventricle

77
Q

three brain protectors

A

CSF, Dura mater, cranium

78
Q

how pairs of cranial nerves? How many functions do cranial nerves have?

A

12;4

79
Q

special senses (vision, smell) , general senses (touch,Pain)

A

sensory

80
Q

control of skeletal muscle through motor neurons

A

somatic motor

81
Q

awareness of position

A

proprioception

82
Q

involves regulation of smooth/cardiac muscle and glands

A

parasympathetic

83
Q

sensory olfaction

A

I olfactory

84
Q

sensory vision

A

II optic

85
Q

motor innervates 4 extrinsic eye muscles (skeletal) and eye lid
Parasympathetic- supplies iris (pupil diameter) and ciliary muscles(lens accomodation)of eye-both smooth muscles

A

III oculomotor

86
Q

motor controls extrinsic eye muscle

A

IV trochlear

87
Q

Largest of cranial nerves and contains 3 branches: opthalmic (sensory) maxillary(sensory) mandibular (both)
sensory: transmit sensations from scalp,nose, upper eyelid(opthalmic); palate, jaw, upper jaw (maxillary); lower jaw(mandibular)
motor- innervates muscles of mastication;palate,throat and middle ear muscles

A

V trigerminal

88
Q

innervates lateral rectus eye muscles

A

VI abducens

89
Q

Picks up sensory information from the anterior 2/3 of tongue and palate.
-sends motor impulses to facial muscles
-carries parasympathetic supply to salivary and lacrimal glands

A

VII facial

90
Q

carries sensory information on hearing and equilibrium

A

VIII Vestibulocochlear (auditory)

91
Q

receives taste sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue
-supplies throat muscles
-carries parasympathetic fibers to parotid salivary gland

A

IX glossopharyngeal

92
Q

carrie sensory, motor and parasympathetic fiber to/from thoracic and abdominal viscera

A

X vagus

93
Q

Supplies neck muscles EX: trapezius) and pharynx

A

XI Accessory

94
Q

supplies tongue and throat muscles

A

XII Hypoglossal

Biology 1014 ch.13-16 (2 decks)

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