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AMT > Chapter 13+14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13+14 Flashcards

1
Q

Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

A

Protein that stimulates growth of white blood cells

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2
Q

Differentiation

A

change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization

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3
Q

electrophoresis

A

A method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge

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4
Q

eosinophil

A

White blood cell that contains granules that stain red

phagocytic cells involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections

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5
Q

erythroblast

A

An immature red blood cell

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6
Q

erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell

-transports oxygen

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7
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone secreted by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell formation

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8
Q

Fibrin

A

Protein that forms basis of blood clot

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9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in clotting process

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10
Q

globulin

A

Plasma protein, separated into alpha, beta, and gamma

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11
Q

granulocyte

A

White blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules

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12
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell

A

Cell in bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells

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13
Q

hemoglobin

A

Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in red blood cells

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14
Q

heparin

A

An anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells

-used against congestive heart failure

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15
Q

Immune reaction

A

Response of immune system to foreign invasion

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16
Q

immunoglobulin

A

Protein with antibody activity

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17
Q

leukocyte

A

White blood cell

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18
Q

lymphocyte

A

Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies

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19
Q

macrophage

A

Monocyte that migrates from blood to tissue spaces; as a phagocyte, it engulfs foreign materials and debris; destroys worn out RBCs

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20
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Large platelet precursor cell found in bone marrow

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21
Q

monocyte

A
  • Leukocyte with one large nucleus; engulf foreign material and debris’ becomes macrophage
  • DEF2: Mononuclear white blood cell (agranulocyte) formed in lymph tissue; it is a phagocyte and the precursor to macrophage
  • digest bacteria and large tissue debris
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22
Q

mononuclear

A

Pertaining to cell (leukocyte) with single round nucleus

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23
Q

myeloblast

A

Immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes

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24
Q

neutrophil

A

-Granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow; polymorphonuclear

  • phagocytic cells that accumulate at sites of infection
  • do not stain, are white
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25
Q

plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins

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26
Q

plasmapheresis

A

Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge

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27
Q

platelet

A

Small blood fragment important in clotting

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28
Q

polymorphonuclear

A

Pertaining to white blood cell with multi-shaped nucleus; neutrophil

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29
Q

prothrombin

A

Plasma protein; converted to thrombin in the clotting process

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30
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Immature erythrocyte

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31
Q

Rh factor

A

Antigen on red blood cells of Rh positive(RH+) individuals

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32
Q

Serum

A

Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells

-component of blood

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33
Q

Stem cell

A

Unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms

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34
Q

thrombin

A

Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

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35
Q

thrombocyte

A

platelets

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36
Q

Types of blood cells

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
  • Leukocytes
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37
Q

A Blood type

A

A antigen and anti-B antibody

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38
Q

B Blood Type

A

B antigen and anti-A antibody

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39
Q

AB blood type

A

A and B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient)

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40
Q

O blood type

A 
No A or B antigens, and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor)
Rh Factor (positive and negative)
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41
Q

Albumin

A

Protein in the blood; maintains proper amount of water in blood

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42
Q

Antibody (AB)

A

Specific protein produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigen

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43
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that stimulates production of an antibody

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44
Q

Basophil

A
  • White blood cell that contains granules that stain blue

- contains heparin (prevents clotting and histamine(involved in allergic response)

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45
Q

Bilirubin

A

Orange-yellow pigment in bile; formed by breakdown of hemoglobin when RBCs are destroyed

-piss is very yellow, could mean problems with spleen

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46
Q

Coagulation

A

Blood clotting

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47
Q

bas/o

A

base

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48
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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49
Q

coagul/o

A

clotting

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50
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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51
Q

eosin/o

A

red, dawn, rosy

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52
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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53
Q

granul/o

A

granules

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54
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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55
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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56
Q

hemoglobin/o

A

hemoglobin

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57
Q

is/o

A

same, equal

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58
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

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59
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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60
Q

mon/o

A

one, single

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61
Q

morph/o

A

shape, form

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62
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

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63
Q

neutr/o

A

neutral

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64
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

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65
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

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66
Q

poikil/o

A

varied, irregular

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67
Q

sider/o

A

iron

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68
Q

spher/o

A

globe, round

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69
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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70
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Failure of blood cell production due to aplasia of cell formation of bone marrow cells

-prevalent in cancer (spleen, pancreatic, etc) body will just stop producing cells

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71
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction

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72
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into bloodstream

-can take B12 orally to prevent this

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73
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle shape erythrocytes and hemolysis

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74
Q

Thalassemia

A

Inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia (blood loses color)

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75
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Excess iron deposits throughout body. Can lead to congestive heart failure

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76
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

General increase in red blood cells; can happen for no reason
-treatment is to take blood out and throw it away

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77
Q

Hemophilia

A

-Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting

  • Patients often bleed into weight-bearing joints, especially ankles and knees
  • very rare, mostly DMAB affected
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78
Q

Purpura

A

Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin

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79
Q

Leukemia

A

Increase in cancerous white blood cells

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80
Q

Granulocytosis

A

Abnormal increase in granulocytes in blood

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81
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

  • no symptoms, maybe a wart or something
  • transferred between sexual contact/kissing
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82
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow
Malignant cells (lymphocytes called plasma cells that produce antibodies) destroy bone tissue and cause overproduction of immunoglobulins, including bence jones protein
-found by taking urine test

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83
Q

Apheresis

A

Separation of blood into component parts and removal of select part from blood

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84
Q

Blood transfusion

A

Whole blood or cells taken from a donor and infused into a patient

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85
Q

Bone Marrow Biopsy

A

Microscopic exam of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle

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86
Q

Hematopoietic Stem Cell transplantation

A

Peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor administered into a recipient

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87
Q

Adaptive imunity

A

ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them

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88
Q

Adenoids

A

Mass of lymphatic tissue in nasopharynx

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89
Q

antibody

A

protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens

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90
Q

antigen

A

foreign substance; evokes an immune response

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91
Q

Axillary nodes

A

lymph nodes in armpit

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92
Q

B Cell (B lymphocyte)

A

lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies, mature in bone marrow

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93
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells that respond to antigens and destroy them

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94
Q

Cervical Nodes

A

lymph nodes in neck region

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95
Q

complement system

A

proteins in blood that help antibodies and kill target

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96
Q

cytokines

A

proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction

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97
Q

Cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell)

A

lymphocyte that directly kills antigens

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98
Q

Dendritic Cell

A

antigen-presenting cell; shows T and B cells what to attack

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99
Q

Helper T cell (CD4+ T Cell)

A

Lymphocyte that aids B calls and stimulated T cells

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100
Q

Humoral immunity

A
  • B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity
  • originate in bone marrow from stem cells
  • b cells mature into plasma cell that produces antibodies called immunoglobins to block effects of antigens
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101
Q

immunity

A
  • body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs
  • use of immune cells; antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease
102
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen

103
Q

Immunotherapy

A

use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease

104
Q

inguinal nodes

A

lymph nodes in groin region

105
Q

interferons

A

proteins secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response

106
Q

interleukins

A

proteins that stimulate gr

owth of B and T lymphocytes

107
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

fluid in spaces between cells; becomes lymph in lymph capillaries

108
Q

lymph

A

thin, watery fluid within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body

109
Q

lymph capillaries

A

tiniest lymphatic vessels

110
Q

lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland

111
Q

lymph node

A

collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels

112
Q

lymph vessel

A

carrier of lymph throughout the body

113
Q

Macrophage

A

large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body

114
Q

mediastinal nodes

A

lymph nodes in the area between lungs in thoracic cavity

115
Q

mesenteric nodes

A

lymph nodes in mesentery

116
Q

monoclonal antibody (MoAV)

A

an antibody produced in a lab to attack antigens and destroy cells

117
Q

natural immunity

A

protection that an individual is born with to fight infection; not dependent on prior exposure to antigen
-Natural Killer cells present

118
Q

paraaortic nodes

A

lymph nodes near aorta in lumbar area of body

119
Q

Plasma cell

A

lymphocyte that secretes antibodies; matures from B lymphocytes

120
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Vessel in chest that drains lymph from upper right part of body; empties into large neck vein

121
Q

Spleen

A

Organ in left upper quadrant of abdomen that destroys worn-out RBCs, activates lymphocytes and stores blood

122
Q

Suppressor T Cell (Treg)

A

lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells

123
Q

T cell (T lymphocytes)

A

lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy (attack) them or produces chemicals toxic to antigens

124
Q

tolerance

A

Ability of T lyphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly

125
Q

thoracic duct

A

draining lymph from lower and left side of body; empties into large veins in neck

126
Q

thymus gland

A

lymphoid organ in mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells

127
Q

tonsils

A

masses of lymphatic tissue in back of oropharynx

128
Q

toxin

A

Poison; produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants

129
Q

Vaccination

A

exposure of individual to antigen that provokes an immune response that will destroy any cell with the antigen and will protect against infection

130
Q

Vaccine

A
  • stimulate patient’s own T cells to recognize and kill cancerous cells
  • weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease
131
Q

immun/o

A

protection

132
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

133
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node

134
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

135
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

136
Q

tox/o

A

poison

137
Q

ana-

A

again, anew

138
Q

inter-

A

between

139
Q

axill/o

A

armpit

140
Q

cervic/o

A

neck, cervix (neck of uterus)

141
Q

inguin/o

A

groin

142
Q

-cytosis

A

condition of cells; slight increase in numbers

143
Q

-edema

A

swelling

144
Q

-globulin

A

protein

145
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

146
Q

-oid

A

resembling

147
Q

-pathy

A

disease

148
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

149
Q

-phylaxis

A

protection

150
Q

-poiesis

A

formation

151
Q

-stitial

A

to set; pertaining to standing or positioned

152
Q

-suppression

A

to stop

153
Q

ana-

A

up; apart; backward; again; new

154
Q

auto-

A

self; own

155
Q

hyper-

A

above; excessive

156
Q

inter-

A

between

157
Q

retro-

A

behind; back; backward

158
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome

treated with Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (RTI), Protein inhibitors, HAART

159
Q

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (RTI)

A
  • Inhibit viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase

- used to treat AIDS

160
Q

Protein inhibitors

A

Inhibit Viral Proteolytic enzyme

used to treat AIDS

161
Q

HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy)

A

combo of RTI and protease inhibitors

162
Q

Allergy

A

Abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen

-ranges from allergic rhinitis or hay fever to anaphylaxix

163
Q

Tumor Lymphoma

A

malignant tumor of lymph node and lymph tissue

164
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells

165
Q

Thyoma

A

malignant tumor of thymus, associated with myasthenia gravis, can have other autoimmune disorders

166
Q

CD4+ cell count

A

Measures number of CD4+ cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream with patients with AIDS

167
Q

ELISA test

A

detects anti-HIV antibodies; western blot given as follow-up

168
Q

Immunoelectrophoresis

A

separates immunoglobulins (lgG, lgM, lgE, igA, igD)

169
Q

Viral Load Test

A

Measures amount of aids virus in bloodstream

170
Q

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan

A

X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures

-show abnormalities of lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland

171
Q

ALL

A

Acute Lymphoid Leukemia

172
Q

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

A
  • Immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate (Kids)

- platelets and erythrocytes are diminished because of infiltration and replacement of bone marrow by myeloblasts

173
Q

Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL)

A
  • children/adolescents affected
  • immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate, malignant condition of white blood cell
  • onset is sudden
174
Q

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

A
  • Malignant condition of white blood cells/ both mature and immature granulocytes are present, older people 55+
  • slowly progressive illness, can live many years without problems
  • treated with Gleevec
175
Q

Gleevec

A
  • used to treat Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

- targets abnormal proteins responsible for malignancy and produce long-term control

176
Q

Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL)

A
  • progressive course that mostly affects old people and doesn’t require immediate treatment
  • abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen
177
Q

Antiglobulin Test (Coombs Test)

A

Test for presence of antibodies that can damage erythrocytes

178
Q

Bleeding Time

A

Time required for blood to stop flowing from tiny puncture

-normal time is 8 min or less

179
Q

Coagulation Time

A

Time required for venous blood to clot in test tube

-normal time less than 15 min

180
Q

Complete Blood Cuont (CBC)

A

Determination of numbers of blood cells, homoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values - MCH, MCV, MCHC

181
Q

MCH

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

182
Q

MCV

A

Mean corpuscular volume

183
Q

MCHC

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

184
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

A

Speed for erythrocytes settle out of plasma

185
Q

Hematocrit (Hct)

A

Percentage of erythrocytes in volume of blood

-separation of blood so that percentage of red blood cells in relation to volume of blood sample is measured

186
Q

Hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb)

A

Total amount of hemoglobin in sample of peripheral blood

187
Q

Platelet count

A

Number of platelets/clotting cells per cubic millimeter (mm^3) or microliter (uL) of blood

188
Q

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

Measures other clotting factors

189
Q

Prothrombin time (PT)

A
  • Test of ability of blood to clot

- Used to monitor patients taking anticoagulant drugs

190
Q

Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)

A

Number of erythtocytes per cubic millimeter (mm^3) or microliter (uL) of blood

191
Q

Red blood cell (RBC) morphology

A

Microscopic exam of stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells

192
Q

White Blood cell count (WBC)

A

Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter (mm^3) or microliter (uL) of blood

193
Q

White Blood Cell Differential

A

percentages of different types of leukocytes in blood

194
Q

Lymph node locations

A

Cervical, Axillary, Mediastinal, Mesenteric (intestinal), Paraaortic (lumbar), Inguinal (groin)

195
Q

Spleen

A
  • destroys old red blood cells
  • filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of blood
  • activates lymphocytes during blood filtration (Activates B cells and T cells)
  • stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets
196
Q

Thymus Gland

A
  • Provides immunity in fetal life and early years of growth
  • located at mediastinum area
  • early removal from animal impairs ability to make antibodies
197
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

body’s ability to recognize and remember specific antigens in an immune response

198
Q

Cell Mediated immunity

A
  • type of adaptive immunity
  • Cytotoxic T cells (T cells + CD8 cells) attach and directly kill antigens
  • other T cells secrete cytokines (interferons and interleukins) that help cells respond to antigens
  • Helper T cells (CD4+T Cells) promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate other T cells; suppressor T cells make sure B and T cells don’t attack good cells
199
Q

Cytotixic Cells (CD8+T cells)

A

attach to and directly kill antigens in cell mediated immunity

200
Q

Helper T cells (CD4+T cells)

A

promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate other T cells in cell mediated immunity

201
Q

Suppressor T cells (Regulatory T cell/Tregs)

A

inhibit B and T cells and prevent them from attacking body’s good cells

202
Q

Candidiasis

A

yeast-like infection, in mouth there will be white growth, called thrush, opportunistic infection with AIDS

203
Q

Cryptococcus (crypto)

A

causes lung, brain, and blood infections, found in pigeon shit

204
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

Parasitic infection of gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord, found in farm animals

205
Q

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

A

virus causes enteritis and retinitis

  • only causes disease when immune system is compromised (like AIDS)
  • found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine, feces, blood, and breast milk
206
Q

Herpes Simplex

A

viral infection causes small blisters on skin of lips or nose or on genitals

207
Q

Histoplasmosis (histo)

A

fungal infection caused by inhaling dust, causes fever, chils, and lung infection,

-found in birds and bats

208
Q

Myocobacterium Avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection

A

manifests with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung/blood infections

209
Q

Pneumocytis Pneumonia (PCP)

A

one-celled organism causes lung infection, with faver, cough, and chest pain

-found in air, water, and soil and is carried by animals

210
Q

Toxoplasmosis (Toxo)

A

parasitic infection involving central nervous system

  • fevers, chills, visual disturbances, confusion hemiperesis, seizures
  • from uncooked lamb and pork, unpasturized dairy products, raw eggs/ vegetables
211
Q

TB Tuberculosis

A

Bacterial Disease involving lungs, brain, and other organs

-symptoms are fever cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum

212
Q

Hodkin Lymphoma (Reed-Sternberg Cell)

A

Tumor of lymphoid tissue, mainly in spleen and lymph nodes

-enlarged lymph nodes

213
Q

Non-Hodkin Lymphoma (Follicular Lymphoma, Large Cell Lymphoma)

A
  • B-cell lymphomas, not T

- Chemotherapy may help cure or stop progress of disease

214
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells

215
Q

Thymoma

A

Malignant tumor of Thymus, associated with myasthenia gravis

-patients may have other autoimmune disorders such as lupus erythmatosus and rheumatoid arthritis

216
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma

A

Malignant lesion associated with AIDS: arises from lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple, brown, or black skin nodules

217
Q

Wasting Syndrome

A

Weight Loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity; associated with AIDS

218
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Disorder of RBC morphology: RBCS are unusual shape

219
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decrease of Neutrophils

220
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

221
Q

Sideroperia

A

Iron deficiency

222
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty Swallowing

223
Q

Myelodysplasia

A
  • immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature and do not become healthy blood cells. (not enough functioning blood cells
  • Early on no symptoms. Later symptoms feeling tired, shortness of breath, easy bleeding, or frequent infections
224
Q

Melena

A

dark feces containing partly digested blood

225
Q

Ascities

A

Abnormal accumulation of abdominal fluid

226
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Blood protein containing iron; carries oxygen in RBCs

227
Q

4 types of plasma proteins

A

Albumin, Globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin

228
Q

Warfarin (Coumadin)

A

Drug given to patient to prevent formation of clots

229
Q

Anticoagulant

A

substance that prevents clotting

230
Q

Phagocyte

A

cell that eats or swallows other cells

231
Q

Myelopoiesis

A

formation of bone marrow

232
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Increase in type of white blood cell (seen in allergies)

233
Q

-Pheresis

A

separation

234
Q

Anemia

A

Deficiency in number of red blood cells

235
Q

Hypochromic

A

pertaining to reduction of hemoglobin in red blood cells

236
Q

anisocytosis

A

Variation in size of red blood cells

237
Q

Spherocytosis

A

Abnormal numbers of round, rather than normally biconcave-shaped, red blood cells

238
Q

Microcytosis

A

Increase in number of small red blood cells

239
Q

Blood dyscrasias

A

disease or disorder related to blood

240
Q

Bence Jones Protein

A

Immunoglobulin fragment found in urine of patients with multiple myeloma

241
Q

Relapse

A

Symptoms of the disease’s return

242
Q

Remission

A

Symptoms of the disease’s disappearance

243
Q

Ecchymoses

A

Large blue or purplish patches on skin (bruises)

244
Q

Pancytopenia

A

Deficiency of all blood cells

245
Q

Petechiae

A

Tiny purple or red spots on skin occurring as a result of small hemorrhages

246
Q

Packed Cells

A

Preparation of erythrocytes separated from plasma

247
Q

Graft-Versus-host disease (GVHD)

A

Immune reaction of donor’s cells/tissue to recipient’s cell/tissue; a possible outcome of hematopoietic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation

248
Q

-philia

A

denoting undue inclination

249
Q

-phoresis

A

indicating a transmission, separation

250
Q

Hypersplenism

A

Syndrome marked by enlargement of spleen and associated with anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia

251
Q

Allergen

A

Antigen capable of causing allergy (hypersensitivity)

252
Q

anaphylaxis

A

Extraordinary hypersensitivity to a foreign protein; marked by hypertension, shock, and respiratory distress

AMT (2 decks)

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