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Chapter 13 > chapter 13 > Flashcards

chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

PNS

A

all neural structures outside the brain and
spinal cord
Provides links to and from the external
environment-(the Brain)

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2
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

respond to touch, pressure,
vibration, stretch, and itch

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3
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

sensitive to changes in
temperature

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4
Q

Photoreceptors

A

respond to light energy (e.g.,
retina)

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5
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals (e.g.,
smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

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6
Q

Nociceptors

A

sensitive to pain-causing stimuli

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7
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Respond to stimuli arising outside the body
Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and
temperature

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8
Q

: Interceptors

A

Respond to stimuli arising within the body
Sensitive to chemical changes, stretch, and temperature changes (relays messages to the brain)

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9
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Respond to degree of stretch. Found in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints,
ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of
bones and muscles

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10
Q

Receptor Classification by Structural
Complexity

A

Receptors are structurally classified as either simple or complex
encapsulated and unencapsulated varieties

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11
Q

Unencapsulated

A

Free dendritic nerve endings
Merkel (tactile) discs
Hair follicle receptors

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12
Q

: Encapsulated

A

Meissner’s corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and
Ruffini’s corpuscles

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13
Q

Sensation to Perception

A

sense information then perceive that information

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14
Q

Organization of the Somatosensory System

A

Input comes from exteroceptors,
proprioceptors, and interoceptors

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15
Q

three main levels of neural integration in
the somatosensory system are:

A

Receptor level – the sensor receptors
Circuit level – ascending pathways
Perceptual level – neuronal circuits in the cerebral
cortex

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16
Q

Processing at the Receptor Level

A

The receptor must have specificity for the
stimulus energy
Stimulus energy must be converted into a
graded potential

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17
Q

Adaptation of Sensory Receptors

A

Adaptation occurs when sensory receptors are
subjected to an unchanging stimulus

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18
Q

Receptors responding to pressure, touch, and smell

A

adapt quickly

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19
Q

Receptors responding slowly include Merkel’s discs, Ruffini’s corpuscles

A

adapt slowly

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20
Q

Pain receptors and proprioceptors do not exhibit adaptation

A

not at all

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21
Q

Processing at the Circuit Level

A

Chains of three neurons conduct sensory
impulses upward to the brain

22
Q

First-order neurons

A

soma reside in dorsal
root, and conduct impulses from the skin to the
spinal cord

23
Q

Second-order neurons

A

soma reside in the
dorsal horn of the spinal cord and transmit
impulses to the thalamus

24
Q

Third-order neurons

A

located in the thalamus
and conduct impulses to the cortex of the
cerebrum

25
Q

Perceptual detection

A

detecting that a stimulus
has occurred and requires summation

26
Q

Magnitude estimation

A

how much of a stimulus
is acting

27
Q

Spatial discrimination

A

identifying the site or
pattern of the stimulus

28
Q

Feature abstraction

A

used to identify a substance
that has specific texture or shap

29
Q

Quality discrimination

A

the ability to identify
submodalities of a sensation (e.g., sweet or sour
tastes)

30
Q

Pattern recognition

A

ability to recognize patterns
in stimuli (e.g., melody, familiar face)

31
Q

Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

A

Damage to nerve tissue is serious because
mature neurons are amitotic
If the soma of a damaged nerve remains intact,
damage can be repaired

32
Q

Regeneration involves coordinated activity among

A

Macrophages – remove debris
 Schwann cells – form regeneration tube and
secrete growth factors
 Axons – regenerate damaged part

33
Q

Regeneration of Nerve Fibers

A

damage
macrophage
shwan cells
regeneration tube
axon rootlets
new axon
new myelin sheath

34
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Twelve pairs of cranial nerves arise from the
brain
 They have sensory, motor, or both functions
 Each nerve is identified by a number (I through
XII) and a name

35
Q

Ventral roots

A

arise from the anterior horn and
contain motor (efferent) fibers

36
Q

Dorsal roots

A

arise from sensory neurons in the
dorsal root ganglion and contain sensory
(afferent) fibers

37
Q

Plexuses

A

are found in the cervical, brachial,
lumbar, and sacral regions

38
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

The cervical plexus is formed by C1
-C4
The most important nerve of this plexus is the
phrenic nerve
 The phrenic nerve is the major motor and
sensory nerve of the diaphragm

39
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

Formed by C5
-C8 and T1

40
Q

Roots

A

Roots – five ventral rami (C5
-T1)

41
Q

Trunks

A

upper, middle, and lower, which form
divisions

42
Q

Divisions

A

anterior and posterior serve the front
and back of the limb

43
Q

Cords

A

lateral, medial, and posterior fiber bundles

44
Q

Axillary

A

innervates the deltoid and teres minor

45
Q

Musculocutaneous

A

sends fibers to the biceps
brachii and brachialis

46
Q

Median

A

branches to most of the flexor muscles of
arm

47
Q

Ulnar

A

supplies the flexor carpi ulnar is and part of
the flexor digitorum profundus

48
Q

Radial

A

innervates essentially all extensor muscles

49
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

Arises from L1
-L4
The major nerves are the femoral and the
obturator

50
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

Arises from L4
-S4
The major nerve is the sciatic, the longest and
thickest nerve of the body

51
Q

Dermatomes

A

A dermatome is the area of skin innervated by
the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve

Chapter 13 (1 decks)

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