Chapter 13 Flashcards
What is a confederate
An individual working with the experimenter
What is conformity
The extent to which persons modify their behaviour of the surrounding group
What do we rely on when interpreting others behaviours
External cues
What is attribution theory
A framework used to explain the actions of others as the result of either disposition Al or situational causes
Within the attribution theory there are 2 attributions that can be made what are they
Dispositional/internal causes and situational/external causes
What are dispositional/internal cues
When another’s behaviour is assumed to be a result of their personality traits and characteristics
What are situational/external causes
Whether another’s behaviour is assumed to be a result of environmental causes that are beyond one’s control
What are the three factors needed when making internal or external attributions
Consistency, distinctiveness and consensus
What is consistency
Whether the behaviour of an individual in a given social situation is similar over time
What is distinctiveness
Whether a person behaves in a similar manner across a variety of situations
What is consensus
Considers the extent to which an individuals behaviour ressembles that of other persons (high) or varies from others (low)
What is the fundamental attribution error
Tendency to attribute the behaviour of others to internal/dispositional causes rather than to external/environmental causes
What is the actor-observer bias
One attributes the causes of one’s own behavior to external causes and the behavior of other to internal, dispositional causes
What is a self serving bias
Attributing one’s successes to internal causes and one’s failure to external causes
What is impression formation
The process by which a person formulated either positive or negative opinions and feelings about another person or group
What is first impression
The tendency for our initial impression that we have about other persons to be rapid and enduring
What is primacy effect
The initial information learned about another person has the strongest effect on impression formation which is most pronounced with the initial information is negative
What is confirmation bias
The tendency to pay attention to information consistent with one’s existing beliefs and ignore or discard information inconsistent with their beliefs
What is a self fulfilling prophecy
When expected outcomes regarding the actions of others are more likely to occur because individuals unwittingly act in ways to bring about the behaviour
What is social influence
A process by which our thoughts and actions are strongly influenced by the prescence of others
What are social norms
Prescribed behaviours that vary across context, culture and time
What is a collectivist society
Cultures that place emphasis on the group instead of the individual
What are social scripts
Learned behaviours that are expected across a variety of situations
What is group think
Faulty decision making that occurs when high degree of conformity and group cohesion are highly valued, to the exclusion of opposing information and ideas
What is out-group
The group that a person does not belong to. Members of the out group are assumed to be highly homogeneous
What experiment did Zimbardo conduct
Prisoner experience/social role experiment
What is the bystander effect
A person in need is less likely to receive help as the number of people who are present increases
What is diffusion of responsibility
The number of people present increases, the relative level of accountability of each person decreases. When only one person is present, they assume 100% of the responsibility
What is the escalation of commitment
The more time one remains in an interpersonal relationship or as a member of a group, despite experiencing increasingly negative outcomes, the more difficult it is to leave the relationship/group
What is an attitude
Variations in thoughts, ideas and opinions
What are the three components of attitudes about a person or object
Cognitive, affective and behavioural
What is the cognitive component of attitude
The thoughts and logic of one’s attitude
What is the affective component of attitude
The emotional aspect of attitudes
What is the behavioural component of attitudes
Actions that reflect support for one’s attitudes
What is cognitive dissonance
When attitudes and behaviours are inconsistent, a state of unease is felt, which the individual is then motivated to reduce
What is a stereotype
Attitudes and opinions about people based on their group affiliation
What does heterogeneous mean
When group members are diverse and posses a mix of different characteristics
What does homogeneous mean
When number of a group are highly similar
What is a stereotype threat
Occurs when a person or group experiences significant fear of confirming negative expectations about one’s own social group which ultimately adversely affects performance
What is prejudice
Learned, negative attitudes or opinions that a person has towards certain groups
What is discrimination
Adverse behaviours directed at groups towards which one holds negative and prejudicial beliefs
What is the realistic conflict theory
Inter group conflict that occurs when two or more groups are competing over real or perceived scarce ressources. This often leads to feelings of prejudice, extreme dislike and malice towards the competing groups
What is the definition of in group
The group that a person belongs to, is perceived to be superior to other groups
What is mutual interdependence
Refers to the need for individuals or groups to work together toward a common goal
What is instrumental agression
Violent behaviour that is purposeful and is a means to achieve some goal
What is hostile aggression
Violent behaviour whose sole purpose is inflicting harm on another living creature
What is behaviour modeling
Learning to complete a task by simply copying the behavior of another person
What is social learning
Learning behaviours and skills by watching others engage in those behaviours
What are pro social behaviours
Helping others without expecting of anything in return
What is altruism
Engaging in behaviour to help another, despite the cost or potential risk to self
What is reciprocal altruism
Engaging in what appears to be pro social behaviours with the expectation of getting something in return
What is the reciprocity norm
The idea that if others help us then we should provide something in return
