Chapter 13

Question 1

Emperor Napoleon III

Answer 1

made himself Emperor of the French in1852, concerned for working class, announced that he embodied the sovereignty of the people, claimed that he would govern equally in the interests of all, social engineer, believed in freedom of national trade, inspired by Ceaser Augustus, wanted to turn Paris into the most beautiful place in the world

Question 2

Napoleon III on Nationalism

Answer 2

seemed to grasp significance of natiotionalism as force on continent, had ambition to harness German and Italian national feeling to benefit France, wanted to aid creation of smaller regional powers-would be subservient to France’s interest and look to France as their protector, he understands that it is a force to reckoned with, ignored the fact that they may all unify

Question 3

Baron Georges Haussmann

Answer 3

city planner, built a lot for Paris, modernized sewer and water system, his building program stimulated business and employment, his designs also helped with creating an easier way for military operations to happen

Question 4

“The Liberal Empire”

Answer 4

what the 1860s decade was called, gives up control of military(to French legislature) to get the love of the people, crippled the ability of war

Question 5

Moldavia & Wallachia

Answer 5

later known as Romania in 1858, Danube, Tsar Nicholas I moved here with military forces, involved protection of Christians, Russia wants them as trading pieces, ends with Serbia recognized as self-governing principalities under protection of European powers

Question 6

Crimean War

Answer 6

854-1856, helped the success of European national movements, weakened both Austria and Russia, first war covered by news correspondents. Turkish army destroyed, British and French declare war on Russia, there’s low visibility conditions and when Russia sends reinforcements 90% get lost, Russia loses big time. French put most into war

Question 7

Siege of Sevastopol

Answer 7

from October 1854 to September 1855 during Crimean war, major action is centered in Sevastopol, whole war is focused on this, southwestern coast of Crimea, when it falls the war has been lost by Russia

Question 8

Peace of Paris (1856)

Answer 8

congress of all great powers made peace at Paris, ended Crimean war, made the black sea neutral territory, huge setback in Russian control over the territory

Question 9

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour

Answer 9

tried to make the state a model of progress and efficiency. Head of government, modernizer and technocrat. He made a fortune expanding railroad telegraph network of Sardinia. Seen as a 19th century Machiavelli. He was a nationalist who wanted to unite Northern Italy under control of Italy, after he dies Italian government was unstable

Question 10

Lombardy/Venetia

Answer 10

Sardinia wanted Lombardy and Venetia for the creation of Italia Alta, want Northern not Southern

Question 11

Plombiers Agreement

Answer 11

no one but Napoleon III and Cavour present, July 21. Devised plan where France would assist Sardinia but Austria must start it-must be defensive war, document signed January 1859

Question 12

Nice & Savoy

Answer 12

In return for France assisting in war Sardinia would cede city of Nice and Savoy to France

Question 13

Battle of Magenta & Soleferino

Answer 13

bloodbath, Austrians fight well but not well enough, Both Napoleon III and Austrian Emperor (Franz) don’t understand operations and tactics. Color magenta comes from the battle, red cross was created

Question 14

Treaty of Villafranca

Answer 14

France and Austrians make a peace treaty because Austria won’t give it to Sardinia. Cavour resigns because he thinks he failed but ends up coming back, France ends up giving it to Sardinia

Question 15

Giuseppi Garabaldi (1807-1882)

Answer 15

Cavour made a deal with him and gave him help that was untraceable. By coincedence the British fleet shows up at the same time as Garabaldi so he lands on shore, ends up declaring himself dictator in the Ancient Roman sense-in the name of King Victor Emmanuel II, by the end of July Sicily is in his hands, people worried he’s going to make himself ruler, on October 26 he hailed King Victor as “King of Italy” so Garabaldi is no longer dictator, all he requests is 2 bags of seeds for his farm

Question 16

“Thousand Red Shirts”

Answer 16

made up of upper-middle class, left Genoa on March 5 and landed at Marsala (Western Sicily) on March 11, locals begin to join, they are liberators, they enter Naples September 7, Pope Pius IX trying to go against them but then people start joining, helped with the end of papal states

Question 17

Otto Leopold von Bismarck-Schonhausen

Answer 17

was suggested to the King cause of the army bill. His formula for success was-leave nothing to chance, sense of timing, exhaust all possible means, act with moderations. He realized nothing guaranteed, appointed chancellor of Prussia, his tactics were surrounded by realpoltik

Question 18

Treaty of Olmutz (1850)

Answer 18

November, Austrians reformed confederation and force Prussia to promise that Berlin wouldn’t attempt Erfurt Union and that German politics would remain under Austrian leaders, Prussia is mad

Question 19

Zollverein

Answer 19

Prussia began to create formal economic agreements with neighboring German states, known as zollverein (tolls) and if you belonged to it tolls were dropped allowing free trade and enhanced economic development, it was launched in 1834 and achieved something close to economic unification of Germany, Austria asked to join but never allowed

Question 20

King Wilhelm I

Answer 20

Served as regent till January 1861 because his brother (Friedrich Wilhelm IV) withdrew because of mental instability. Became king after his brother died. He didn’t expect to rule and didn’t want to but serves out of sense of duty.

Question 21

Constitutional Crisis of 1862

Answer 21

In 1862 there was a bill proposed to reduce years of required military service which would increase the number of men put through training and available for reserve. Parliament refused to approve change and feared a larger army could suppress people-attempts at compromise failed. Otto von Bismarck was suggested because if Bismarck couldn’t save the bill no one could. Bismarck’s advice was to collect the taxes anyway and gave his “blood and iron” speech but Parliament was unmoved. Blood represented military and iron represented industry of Germany. Bismarck still went ahead because he was appointed to the King and answers to the King

Question 22

Helmuth von Moltke

Answer 22

Prussian general, gave to vague of orders, people displeased with him and he was removed from position

Question 23

Realpolitik/Eisen und Blut

Answer 23

Bismarck, the ends justify the means, expressed in Blood and Iron speech

Question 24

Schleswig-Holstein

Answer 24

provinces of Schleswig and Holstein were under authority of Danish monarchy but not Danish crown lands, in 1848 these provinces rose up against Danish government because they wanted to be a part of new German state. London protocol affirmed they were duchies held by Danish crown but still independent. King Christian IX sought to place them under a new constitution in 1883-violation of London Protocol which gave Bismarck an opening. In Febraury 1866 Austria+Prussian forces overcame Danish defenses in 4 days

Question 25

Meeting at Biarritz (Oct 1865)

Answer 25

October 4-12, Bismarck appeared to give support for Venitia being added to Italy and in return France would stay out of Prussia’s way, if France remained neutral might recieve Belgium and Luxemburg. Bismarck made no promises and nothing was on paper

Question 26

Italo-Prussian Alliance (1866)

Answer 26

April 8, Prussia and Italy would be allies in a defensive war against a third party, Venetia would go to Italy, agreement valid for 90 days

Question 27

Battle of Koniggratz

Answer 27

July 3, the Austrian army encircled in a Kesselschlacht (“couldron battle”) and retreats back to Vienna. Austria expects to be dismembered but Bismarck takes no territory after victory.

Question 28

Northern German Confederation/Imdemnity Bill of 1867

Answer 28

Prussia became heart of a large and powerful German state. Nationalism “tamed” and used for Prussia’s ends. The Indemnity Bill stated that Bismarck’s actions since September 1862 have been declared constitutional by Prussian Parliament

Question 29

Ems Telegram

Answer 29

After the Spanish Succession Crisis (see notes)+withdrawl of candidacy from Prussia, France wanted withdrawl in writing, Prussian King refuses since whole thing is over, after Wilhelm telegrams Bismarck, Bismarck edits it odwn to provoke France because France wants war, Bismarcks reasoning was that France wanted war and would start one soon so Prussia is seen as injured party

Question 30

Battle of Sedan (September 2 1870)

Answer 30

At both Sedan and Metz the French army is surrounded because the Prussian army is mobile and flexible

Question 31

Siege of Paris

Answer 31

October 1870-January 1871, capture of Paris by Prussian forces, leading to the defeat in the Franco-Prussian war and the establishment of the German empire

Question 32

Treaty of Frankfurt/Alsace & Lorraine

Answer 32

ended the Franco-Prussian war. France ceded to Germany the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, agreed to pay Germany a war indemnity, consented to military occupation until the indemnity was paid

Question 33

Franz Josef

Answer 33

emperor of Austriafrom 1848-1916, king of Hungary from 1867-1916, his thoughts turned on his house and on its rights, disliked everything liberal, progressive, and modern. Incapable of enlarged views, ambitious projects, bold decisions, and preserving action. Lived in a pompous dream world

Question 34

Ausgleich of 1867/concept of dual monarchy

Answer 34

equalization, Austrias defeat at hands of Prussia, becomes Austro-Hungarian, King of Austria and Hungry, all loyal to the emperor, must coordinate military, diplomacy, financial policy, will make Austrian power stronger, each had it’s own constitution and parliament, neither state will intervene in the other’s affairs, both Austria and Hungarians appointed to common ministry, both were constitutional parliamentary states

Question 35

Alexander II (ruled 1855-1881)

Answer 35

Era of reforms, inspired by Alexander I, comes into power in the middle of Crimean war, serfdom, oversees reforms, wanted support from the liberals by implementing reforms. Gave permission to travel outside of Russia, eased controls on university, allowed censorship to go unenforced. Overhauled and westernized the legal system. Moved in the direction of allowing self-government-created a system of provincial and district councils called zemstvos, in 1880 he relaxed the autocratic system. Abolished secret police, allowed press to discuss political subjects. Proposed two nationally elected commissions to sit with the council of state. Was assassinated by the terrorist group: The People’s Will

Question 36

Emancipation Act of 1861

Answer 36

emancipation of serfs, serfdom is ended no more in Russia, ⅓ of land now goes to peasents- tells this to nobility, thought this through, can not just release them, the serfs becomes peasant farmers, another ⅓ of land goes to them that the peasants must pay off, peasants struggling with the idea that they “own” the land

Question 37

Mir/zemstvo

Answer 37

the village is the mir, the mir is supposed to make it’s own local laws. Do this through institution of the zemstvo, they (nobles, townspeople, peasants) meet there and will make their own decisions. Begin to see self-govenment arise. Zemstvos took up matters of education, medical relief, public welfare, food, road maintenance

Question 38

Alexander III (ruled 1881-1894)

Answer 38

abandoned Alexander II project for elected commissions. He reverted to a program of brutal resistance to liberals and revolutionaries

Question 39

Austro-Prussian War (7 weeks war)

Answer 39

Austria began reorganization of Holstein-Prussia protested saying it was a breach of joint administration. On June 1 Austria placed question of Schleswig-Holstein before German confederation (was just supposed to be between Austria and Prussia). On June 9 Prussia declared convention of Gastein violated. On June 14: Bismarck declared German Confederation violated. Italy declares war. Britain, France, Russia neutral-Austria=alone
Results: Prussia emerged as political leader of Germans. German confederation replaced with North German Confederation, major shift in European balance of power

Question 40

Convention of Gastein

Answer 40

August 14, 1865. Prussian administration over Schleswig, Austrian administration over Holstein. France looks weak-France wants to expand

Question 41

Spanish Succession Crisis 1870

Answer 41

spain needed new monarch, spain approached prussia, Bismarck told spanish parliament to settle the issue before adjourning for summer (didn’t want France to find out) but there was an error in code that showed opposite message-no decision made. France finds out and threatens war unless candidacy withdrawn, withdrew because it was not worth war

Question 42

Franco-Prussian War:

Answer 42

North German confederation joined by Wuerrtemburg, Baden, Bavaria-France has no allies because Bismarck had a signed paper stating that Napoleon wanted land