Chapter 13 Flashcards
Emperor Napoleon III
made himself Emperor of the French in1852, concerned for working class, announced that he embodied the sovereignty of the people, claimed that he would govern equally in the interests of all, social engineer, believed in freedom of national trade, inspired by Ceaser Augustus, wanted to turn Paris into the most beautiful place in the world
Napoleon III on Nationalism
seemed to grasp significance of natiotionalism as force on continent, had ambition to harness German and Italian national feeling to benefit France, wanted to aid creation of smaller regional powers-would be subservient to France’s interest and look to France as their protector, he understands that it is a force to reckoned with, ignored the fact that they may all unify
Baron Georges Haussmann
city planner, built a lot for Paris, modernized sewer and water system, his building program stimulated business and employment, his designs also helped with creating an easier way for military operations to happen
“The Liberal Empire”
what the 1860s decade was called, gives up control of military(to French legislature) to get the love of the people, crippled the ability of war
Moldavia & Wallachia
later known as Romania in 1858, Danube, Tsar Nicholas I moved here with military forces, involved protection of Christians, Russia wants them as trading pieces, ends with Serbia recognized as self-governing principalities under protection of European powers
Crimean War
854-1856, helped the success of European national movements, weakened both Austria and Russia, first war covered by news correspondents. Turkish army destroyed, British and French declare war on Russia, there’s low visibility conditions and when Russia sends reinforcements 90% get lost, Russia loses big time. French put most into war
Siege of Sevastopol
from October 1854 to September 1855 during Crimean war, major action is centered in Sevastopol, whole war is focused on this, southwestern coast of Crimea, when it falls the war has been lost by Russia
Peace of Paris (1856)
congress of all great powers made peace at Paris, ended Crimean war, made the black sea neutral territory, huge setback in Russian control over the territory
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour
tried to make the state a model of progress and efficiency. Head of government, modernizer and technocrat. He made a fortune expanding railroad telegraph network of Sardinia. Seen as a 19th century Machiavelli. He was a nationalist who wanted to unite Northern Italy under control of Italy, after he dies Italian government was unstable
Lombardy/Venetia
Sardinia wanted Lombardy and Venetia for the creation of Italia Alta, want Northern not Southern
Plombiers Agreement
no one but Napoleon III and Cavour present, July 21. Devised plan where France would assist Sardinia but Austria must start it-must be defensive war, document signed January 1859
Nice & Savoy
In return for France assisting in war Sardinia would cede city of Nice and Savoy to France
Battle of Magenta & Soleferino
bloodbath, Austrians fight well but not well enough, Both Napoleon III and Austrian Emperor (Franz) don’t understand operations and tactics. Color magenta comes from the battle, red cross was created
Treaty of Villafranca
France and Austrians make a peace treaty because Austria won’t give it to Sardinia. Cavour resigns because he thinks he failed but ends up coming back, France ends up giving it to Sardinia
Giuseppi Garabaldi (1807-1882)
Cavour made a deal with him and gave him help that was untraceable. By coincedence the British fleet shows up at the same time as Garabaldi so he lands on shore, ends up declaring himself dictator in the Ancient Roman sense-in the name of King Victor Emmanuel II, by the end of July Sicily is in his hands, people worried he’s going to make himself ruler, on October 26 he hailed King Victor as “King of Italy” so Garabaldi is no longer dictator, all he requests is 2 bags of seeds for his farm
“Thousand Red Shirts”
made up of upper-middle class, left Genoa on March 5 and landed at Marsala (Western Sicily) on March 11, locals begin to join, they are liberators, they enter Naples September 7, Pope Pius IX trying to go against them but then people start joining, helped with the end of papal states
Otto Leopold von Bismarck-Schonhausen
was suggested to the King cause of the army bill. His formula for success was-leave nothing to chance, sense of timing, exhaust all possible means, act with moderations. He realized nothing guaranteed, appointed chancellor of Prussia, his tactics were surrounded by realpoltik
Treaty of Olmutz (1850)
November, Austrians reformed confederation and force Prussia to promise that Berlin wouldn’t attempt Erfurt Union and that German politics would remain under Austrian leaders, Prussia is mad
Zollverein
Prussia began to create formal economic agreements with neighboring German states, known as zollverein (tolls) and if you belonged to it tolls were dropped allowing free trade and enhanced economic development, it was launched in 1834 and achieved something close to economic unification of Germany, Austria asked to join but never allowed
King Wilhelm I
Served as regent till January 1861 because his brother (Friedrich Wilhelm IV) withdrew because of mental instability. Became king after his brother died. He didn’t expect to rule and didn’t want to but serves out of sense of duty.
Constitutional Crisis of 1862
In 1862 there was a bill proposed to reduce years of required military service which would increase the number of men put through training and available for reserve. Parliament refused to approve change and feared a larger army could suppress people-attempts at compromise failed. Otto von Bismarck was suggested because if Bismarck couldn’t save the bill no one could. Bismarck’s advice was to collect the taxes anyway and gave his “blood and iron” speech but Parliament was unmoved. Blood represented military and iron represented industry of Germany. Bismarck still went ahead because he was appointed to the King and answers to the King
Helmuth von Moltke
Prussian general, gave to vague of orders, people displeased with him and he was removed from position
Realpolitik/Eisen und Blut
Bismarck, the ends justify the means, expressed in Blood and Iron speech
Schleswig-Holstein
provinces of Schleswig and Holstein were under authority of Danish monarchy but not Danish crown lands, in 1848 these provinces rose up against Danish government because they wanted to be a part of new German state. London protocol affirmed they were duchies held by Danish crown but still independent. King Christian IX sought to place them under a new constitution in 1883-violation of London Protocol which gave Bismarck an opening. In Febraury 1866 Austria+Prussian forces overcame Danish defenses in 4 days
Meeting at Biarritz (Oct 1865)
October 4-12, Bismarck appeared to give support for Venitia being added to Italy and in return France would stay out of Prussia’s way, if France remained neutral might recieve Belgium and Luxemburg. Bismarck made no promises and nothing was on paper
Italo-Prussian Alliance (1866)
April 8, Prussia and Italy would be allies in a defensive war against a third party, Venetia would go to Italy, agreement valid for 90 days
Battle of Koniggratz
July 3, the Austrian army encircled in a Kesselschlacht (“couldron battle”) and retreats back to Vienna. Austria expects to be dismembered but Bismarck takes no territory after victory.
Northern German Confederation/Imdemnity Bill of 1867
Prussia became heart of a large and powerful German state. Nationalism “tamed” and used for Prussia’s ends. The Indemnity Bill stated that Bismarck’s actions since September 1862 have been declared constitutional by Prussian Parliament
Ems Telegram
After the Spanish Succession Crisis (see notes)+withdrawl of candidacy from Prussia, France wanted withdrawl in writing, Prussian King refuses since whole thing is over, after Wilhelm telegrams Bismarck, Bismarck edits it odwn to provoke France because France wants war, Bismarcks reasoning was that France wanted war and would start one soon so Prussia is seen as injured party
Battle of Sedan (September 2 1870)
At both Sedan and Metz the French army is surrounded because the Prussian army is mobile and flexible
Siege of Paris
October 1870-January 1871, capture of Paris by Prussian forces, leading to the defeat in the Franco-Prussian war and the establishment of the German empire
Treaty of Frankfurt/Alsace & Lorraine
ended the Franco-Prussian war. France ceded to Germany the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, agreed to pay Germany a war indemnity, consented to military occupation until the indemnity was paid
Franz Josef
emperor of Austriafrom 1848-1916, king of Hungary from 1867-1916, his thoughts turned on his house and on its rights, disliked everything liberal, progressive, and modern. Incapable of enlarged views, ambitious projects, bold decisions, and preserving action. Lived in a pompous dream world
Ausgleich of 1867/concept of dual monarchy
equalization, Austrias defeat at hands of Prussia, becomes Austro-Hungarian, King of Austria and Hungry, all loyal to the emperor, must coordinate military, diplomacy, financial policy, will make Austrian power stronger, each had it’s own constitution and parliament, neither state will intervene in the other’s affairs, both Austria and Hungarians appointed to common ministry, both were constitutional parliamentary states
Alexander II (ruled 1855-1881)
Era of reforms, inspired by Alexander I, comes into power in the middle of Crimean war, serfdom, oversees reforms, wanted support from the liberals by implementing reforms. Gave permission to travel outside of Russia, eased controls on university, allowed censorship to go unenforced. Overhauled and westernized the legal system. Moved in the direction of allowing self-government-created a system of provincial and district councils called zemstvos, in 1880 he relaxed the autocratic system. Abolished secret police, allowed press to discuss political subjects. Proposed two nationally elected commissions to sit with the council of state. Was assassinated by the terrorist group: The People’s Will
Emancipation Act of 1861
emancipation of serfs, serfdom is ended no more in Russia, ⅓ of land now goes to peasents- tells this to nobility, thought this through, can not just release them, the serfs becomes peasant farmers, another ⅓ of land goes to them that the peasants must pay off, peasants struggling with the idea that they “own” the land
Mir/zemstvo
the village is the mir, the mir is supposed to make it’s own local laws. Do this through institution of the zemstvo, they (nobles, townspeople, peasants) meet there and will make their own decisions. Begin to see self-govenment arise. Zemstvos took up matters of education, medical relief, public welfare, food, road maintenance
Alexander III (ruled 1881-1894)
abandoned Alexander II project for elected commissions. He reverted to a program of brutal resistance to liberals and revolutionaries
Austro-Prussian War (7 weeks war)
Austria began reorganization of Holstein-Prussia protested saying it was a breach of joint administration. On June 1 Austria placed question of Schleswig-Holstein before German confederation (was just supposed to be between Austria and Prussia). On June 9 Prussia declared convention of Gastein violated. On June 14: Bismarck declared German Confederation violated. Italy declares war. Britain, France, Russia neutral-Austria=alone
Results: Prussia emerged as political leader of Germans. German confederation replaced with North German Confederation, major shift in European balance of power
Convention of Gastein
August 14, 1865. Prussian administration over Schleswig, Austrian administration over Holstein. France looks weak-France wants to expand
Spanish Succession Crisis 1870
spain needed new monarch, spain approached prussia, Bismarck told spanish parliament to settle the issue before adjourning for summer (didn’t want France to find out) but there was an error in code that showed opposite message-no decision made. France finds out and threatens war unless candidacy withdrawn, withdrew because it was not worth war
Franco-Prussian War:
North German confederation joined by Wuerrtemburg, Baden, Bavaria-France has no allies because Bismarck had a signed paper stating that Napoleon wanted land
