Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Define fiscal policy.

A

The discretionary changing of government expenditures or taxes to achieve national economic goals.

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2
Q

What are some goals that fiscal policy aims to achieve?

A

High employment, price stability, and economic growth.

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3
Q

What is the recessionary gap?

A

The amount by which the current level of real GDP falls short of the economy’s potential production if it were operating on the long-run aggregate supply curve.

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4
Q

What is the definition of the inflationary gap?

A

The inflationary gap was defined as the amount by which the short-run equilibrium level of real GDP exceeds the long-run equilibrium level as given by the long-run aggregate supply curve.

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5
Q

When the government decides to spend more (expansionary fiscal policy), the aggregate demand curve shifts to the ______.

A

Right.

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6
Q

When the government decides to reduce spending, the aggregate demand curve typically shifts to the _____.

A

Left

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7
Q

Holding all other things constant an increase in taxes will cause a ___ in aggregate demand, because ___________.

A

Decrease

It can reduce consumption, investment, net exports or a combination of all three.

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8
Q

How will a decrease in taxes affect the short-run aggregate supply curve?

A

If taxes are decreased the short-run aggregate supply curve tends to shift to the right.

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9
Q

If an increase in taxes is levied by the government, how will the short-run aggregate supply curve be affected?

A

The curve will tend to shift to the left.

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10
Q

Under what circumstances would the government have an incentive to increase taxes in order to create positive fiscal policy changes?

A

If the equilibrium point between the short-run aggregate supply and the aggregate demand is to the right of the long-run aggregate supply a recessionary gap exists period. Levying additional taxes could help bring the aggregate demand curve to the left.

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11
Q

Under what circumstance would the government have an incentive to decrease taxes?

A

When the equilibrium point between the aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supply is to the left of the long-run aggregate supply curve. Decreasing taxes can help shift the aggregate demand curve to the right

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12
Q

True or False
An increase in government spending without raising taxes creates additional government borrowing from the private sector.

A

True

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13
Q

True or False
when the government finances increased spending by additional borrowing it will push interest rates up. This will induce firms to cut back on planned investment spending.

A

True

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14
Q

What is deficit spending?

A

A rise in government spending while holding taxes constant.

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15
Q

What is the effect of deficit spending?

A

It tends to crowd out private spending, dampening the positive effect of increased government spending on aggregate demand.

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16
Q

What is the crowding-out effect?

A

The tendency of expansionary fiscal policy to cause a decrease in planned investment or planned consumption in the private sector. It normally results due to the rise in interest rates.

17
Q

True or False

The crowding-out effect has no impact on the position of the aggregate demand curve.

A

False.
The crowding-out effect dilutes the effect of expansionary policy which causes the anticipated shift in the demand curve to be less than what was planned. In other words, you still have a recessionary gap.

18
Q

What is the Ricardian equivalence theorem?

A

The proposition that an increase in the government budget deficit has no effect on aggregate demand.

19
Q

A person’s consumption and savings decisions realistically depend on what two effects?

A

Current income and anticipated future income.

20
Q

What is the permanent income hypothesis?

A

A statement that proposes that an individual’s current flow of consumption depends on the individual’s permanent or anticipated lifetime income.

21
Q

According to the permanent income hypothesis, why does short-term stimulus-based economic activity rarely have any effect?

A

Because instead of spending the tax cut or rebate typically people saved most of the funds or use them to make payments on outstanding debts.

22
Q

What is a direct expenditure offset?

A

Actions on the part of the private sector in spending income that offset government fiscal policy actions.

23
Q

If there is a full direct expenditure offset the government spending multiplier is_____.

A

Zero

24
Q

What is the marginal tax rate?

A

The rate applied to the last or highest bracket of taxable income.

25
Q

The relationship between tax rates and tax revenues is sometimes called _____.

A

The Laffer curve.

26
Q

What is supply-side economics?

A

The theory that creating incentives for individuals and firms to increase productivity will cause the aggregate supply curve to shift outward.

27
Q

According to a supply-side economist, what is the effect of increasing the marginal tax rate?

A

Increases in marginal tax rates cause people to work less and decreases and marginal tax rates induce workers to work more.

28
Q

What is recognition time lag?

A

The time required to gather information about the current state of the economy.

29
Q

What is the action time lag?

A

The time between recognizing an economic problem and implementing policy to solve it.

30
Q

What is the effect time lag?

A

The time that elapses between the implementation of a policy and the results of that policy.

31
Q

What is the impact fiscal multiplier?

A

the actual intermediate multiplier effect of a fiscal policy action after taking into consideration direct fiscal offsets and another short-term crowding out of private spending.

32
Q

What is the cumulative fiscal multiplier?

A

The multiplier effect of a fiscal policy action applies to the long run. After all influences on equilibrium real GDP have it taken into account.

33
Q

What are some examples of “automatic stabilizers?”

A
  1. The progressive tax system

2. Unemployment benefits