Chapter 12: what are the moderators for stress and illness?

Question 1

Meaning-oriented coping

Answer 1

is about the values and beliefs of a person and focuses on powers to gain personal and
existential meaning within a negative and stressful situation.

Question 2

alport’s definition of personality

Answer 2

“the organization of psychophysical systems in a person that

determines someone’s characteristics, thoughts and behavior.”

Question 3

psychosocial vulnerability hypothesis’

Answer 3

Hostile people more often exhibit risky unhealthy behavior, which in itself is a risk factor for, for example, heart
disease. They can also benefit less from psychosocial institutions and social support from friends and colleagues. In
this way they miss an important buffer for the negative consequences of stressful events.

Question 4

Eysenck and Grossarth-Maticek also described personality types and the associated sensitivity: (type 1 and 2)

Answer 4

 Type 1: vulnerability to cancer. This type is characterized by the containment of emotions and the ignorance
in dealing with tensions between people, which leads to hopelessness, helplessness and ultimately to
depression. The risk of cancer would, according to the researchers, be 120 times as high as in non-type 1
people.
 Type 2: vulnerability to CHD. These people show strong reactions of frustration, anger, hostility and
emotional excitement. You can compare this type with the type A persons described above. The risk of CHD
would be 25 times greater for this group than for other people.

Question 5

type c personality

Answer 5

cooperative and calming;
 compliant and passive;
 stoic;
 self-sacrificing and unassertive;
 the tendency to inhibit or repress negative emotions.

Question 6

type d personality

Answer 6

This type would be susceptible to cardiovascular disease prognosis and outcome. These types score high on scales
that measure negative affectivity and social inhibition. Social inhibition is avoiding the risk of disappointment and
rejection of others in social interaction. These types therefore experience more negative emotions but also contain
them, which increases their risk of a heart attack or other cardiovascular event. The effect applies to men and
women.

Question 7

Wallson described a construct about the Loc with regard to

health in 1978. They used a scale that has three categories, namely:

Answer 7

ealth in 1978. They used a scale that has three categories, namely:
 an internal LoC: I have control over my health;
 an external LoC: no matter what I do, I have no control over my health;
 powerful others: given my situation, I have to do what the specialists say

Question 8

The hypothesis of direct effect

Answer 8

regardless of the degree of stress, social support has a positive influence. The
absence of social support is also harmful if there is no stress or illness. Social support also has a physical
effect. It lowers blood pressure and has a positive effect on the immune system and endocrine systems.