Chapter 12 Vocab Flashcards
ethnic groups
groups of people with a shared ancestry, language, customs, and often, religion
ethnic cleansing
Serb leaders expelled or killed rival ethnic groups in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serb-ruled Kosovo; caused people to become refugees
refugees
people who flee to a foreign country for safety
urbanization
rural villagers move to urban areas and became factory workers in the Industrial Revolution; this concentration of populations in towns and cities; first began in Western Europe
city-states
separate Greek communities caused by its mountainous landscape and its closeness to the sea; independent, but linked to others by Greek language & culture
Middle Ages
Europe entered these after the fall of Rome; feudalism
feudalism
a system in which monarchs or lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty; replaced centralized gov’t
Crusades
a series of brutal religious wars beginning in the 1000s; western European armies fought to win Palestine, the birthplace of Christianity, from Muslim rule
Renaissance
a 300-year period of discovery and learning; brought about great advances in European civilization beginning in the 1300s
Reformation
aided by the increased production of books and pamphlets; lessened the power of the Roman Catholic Church and led to the beginnings of Protestantism
Enlightenment
a movement in the late 1600s and early 1700s where many educated Europeans emphasized the importance of reason and began to question long-standing traditions and values; followed by political and economic revolutions that swept the entire region
industrial capitalism
Industrial cities, improved transportation, and communication because of the Industrial Revolution led to this, an economic system in which business leaders use profits to expand their companies; middles class
communism
The factory workers at first were poorly paid and lived crowded unhealthy conditions, led to this, the philosophy that called for a society based on economic equality in which the workers would control the factories and industrial production
reparations
Payment for damages required in the Versailles peace treaty in 1919 which found Germany guilty of starting the war
Holocaust
mass killing of more than 6 million European Jews and others by Germany’s Nazi leaders
