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Biology > Chapter 1.2 - Ultrastructure of Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 1.2 - Ultrastructure of Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Concerning structure, there are two types of cells- how are they called?

A

Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells

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2
Q

What can you tell about the Prokaryotic cell structure

A
  • doesn‘t have compartments
  • does not have a nucleus
  • cell wall and plasma membrane
  • entirely filled with cytoplasm
  • contains ribosomes (70 Svedberg units big)
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3
Q

What were the first organisms to evolve on Earth?

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

How big is a ribosome in a Prokaryotic cell and how big in a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotic cell: 70S (Svedberg units)

Eukaryotic cell: 80S

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5
Q

Where is the genetic code of a prokaryotic cell stored

A

In a area of the cell called nucleoid

-you can see it in a electron micrograph because there are not as many proteins (lighter appearance)

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6
Q

How do Prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission (asexually)

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7
Q

What two kingdoms of living organisms belong to Prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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8
Q

What form does the DNA in a Prokaryotic cell usually have?

A

Usually one circular DNA molecule

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9
Q

How does binary fission work?

A

The single circular chromosome is replicated and the two copies of the chromosome move to opposite ends of the cell. Division of the cytoplasm of the cell quickly follows. Each of the daughter cells contains one copy of chromosome so they are genetically identical.

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10
Q

What can you tell about the cell structure of Eukaryotic cells?

A
  • they are compartmentalized/have organelles
  • they have a nucleus
  • they do not have a cell wall
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11
Q

What organelles are present in a Eukaryotic cell?

A
  • nucleus
  • endoplasmic reticulum (smooth&rough)
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosome
  • mitochondrion
  • free ribosomes
  • chloroplasts (in plant cells)
  • vacuole
  • vesicles
  • microtubules
  • centrioles
  • cilia
  • flagella
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12
Q

What are the advantages of being compartmentalized?

A
  • enzymes for a chemical reaction can be much more concentrated
  • substances that could cause damage to the whole cell can be kept within an organelle
  • conditions like pH can be maintained for each organelle
  • organelles (with their contents) can be moved throughout the cell
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13
Q

What can you tell about a cells nucleus?

A
  • it has a double membrane with pores
  • contains the chromosomes/DNA
  • the nucleus is where the DNA is replicated and transcribed to from mRNA, which is exported via the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm (ribosomes)
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14
Q

What are the two parts of the endoplasmic reticulum called

A

rough&smooth

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15
Q

What can you tell about the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • consists of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
  • ribosomes on the cisternae (80 Svedberg units)
  • mRNA is synthezised to proteins
  • proteins are transported to the Golgi Apparatus
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16
Q

What can you tell about the Golgi Apparatus

A
  • consists of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
  • many vesicles nearby
  • proteins carried in vesicles to plasma membrane
17
Q

What can you tell about Lysosomes?

A
  • approximately spherical
  • formed from golgi vesicles
  • contain a high concentration of protein
  • contain digestive enzymes, which are the to break down ingested food
  • single membrane
18
Q

What can you tell about the Mitochondrion?

A
  • has a double membrane
  • cristae instide
  • fluid inside is called matrix
  • produce ATP by aerobic cell respiration
  • fat is digested here and used as energy source in the cell
19
Q

What can you tell about free ribosomes?

A
  • no membrane
  • 80 Svedberg units
  • synthesize protein and releasing it to cytoplasm
  • ribosomes are constructed in the nucleolus (part of nucleus)
20
Q

What can you tell about Chloroplasts?

A
  • double membrane
  • inside there are stacks of thylakoid
  • produce glucose (and other organic compounds by photosynthesis)
21
Q

What can you tell about Vacuoles and Vesicles?

A
  • single membrane
  • fluid inside
  • plant cells have large vacuole
  • vesicles are very small vacuoles used to transport materials inside the cell
22
Q

What can you tell about Microtubules and Centrioles?

A 
Microtubules:
-cylindrical fibres
-moving chromosomes during cell division
Centioles:
-in animal cells
-consist of two groups of nine triple microtubules
23
Q

What can you tell about Cilia and Flagella?

A
  • projecting from the cells surface
  • contain microtubules
  • flagella are larger and there is usually just one (sperm)
  • cilia are smaller, many are present
  • used for locomotion

Biology (5 decks)

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