Chapter 12- Toddlerhood and early childhood Flashcards
Chronological age for Toddlerhood
12-36 months
Chronological age for early childhood
3-6 years
Synaptic blooming
a period of overproduction of synapses
Synaptic Pruning
reduction in the synapses to improve the efficiency of brain functioning.
Myelination
the process where axons and neurons are coated with a fatty substance called myelin and causes faster neural communication and info processing
Lateralization
the two hemisphere of the brain begin to operate slightly differently, allowing for a wider range of activity
Gross motor skills
Control over large muscle groups, may require strength and speed
Fine motor skills
control over small muscles groups.
Deferred imitation
a child viewing something and imitating it
Transductive reasoning
to see a connection between unrelated instances without using abstract logic
Egocentrism
children perceive reality only from their own experience and believe themselves to be at the center of existence.
Theory of mind
The child’s awareness of their own and other people’s mental processes and to the understanding that other people have different states of awareness
Over-regularization
over regular in using grammar rules in speaking
The three components of moral development
Knowledge, emotions, actions
Cognitive developmental approach
Piaget’s theory had been the basis for stage models of moral reasoning which assumes that moral development changes with cognitive development
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development stages
Preconventional: Avoiding punishment and self interest
Conventional: Good boy attitude and law and order mentality
Post conventional: social contract and principle
Mirror neurons
key to developing empathy by allowing us to sense the move a person is going to make and the emotions they are experiencing
The two key ingredients for moral development
Empathy and perspective taking
Empathy
begins at age 3 or 4. Putting yourself in someone else’s shoes
Perspective taking
The ability to see a situation from another person’s POV
Goleman’s term-social intelligence.
hallmark of the emotionally intelligent is awareness and regulation of the self, the hallmark of the socially intelligent is awareness of, and sensitivity toward, other peop
Gilligan’s research and conclusions about moral development
Gilligan challenged Kohlberg’s work and cited bias in the study sample
Noted that gender plays a significant role in how one experiences and acts on ethical thinking and justice
Women’s’ moral thought is guided by caring and maintaining welfare of others whereas men use more abstract principles of justice
What does research say about children who show empathy and perspective taking by ages 4 and 5
are more likely to exhibit prosocial behavior and sympathy during adolescence and early adulthood
How do we help children develop morally
Help children:
Control their own behavior
to understand how their behavior affects others.
show them positive models
get them to discuss moral issues
Toddlerhood erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Early childhood Erickson stages of psychosocial development
Initiative vs guilt. Children who pass successfully through this stage learn to get satisfaction from completing tasks.
Types of aggression
Instrumental and hostile
transitional objects
aka comfort object, allows them to cope with separation from parents
Peer relationships
In early childhood, children become more socially adept than in toddlerhood.
self concept
By 2 or 3, children can identify their race and gender. Children are aware of their growing competence.
self theory
Self-theory in which children use categorization to think about themselves
self esteem
The way one evaluates the self in relation to others
how the brain gives rise to the development of a sense of self.
A right frontoparietal network, which overlaps with mirror neurons is activated during tasks that involve self-recognition and discrimination between the self and the other; viewing one’s own face leads to greater signal changes in the inferior frontal gyrus, greater signal change when hearing ones own voice , corticol midline structure
The four components of gender role development
Gender:
Identity
stability
constancy
Genital bias of gender
gender typing
expectations about people’s behavior based on their assigned biological sex- in their interactions with adults, from the media, and with peers
Four types of child maltreatment
Neglect,
Physical abuse
mental abuse
sexual abuse
most prevalent type of child maltreatment
Neglect
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Sensory seeking
Preoperational Pre- thinking
Concrete operational Concrete thinking
Formal Operational Formal thinking
Piaget substagesstages in toddler cognitive development
Tertiary circular reactions and mental representation
Tertiary circulars reactions
toddlers become more creative. For example, if a button doesn’t do what they want, they will press other buttons until they get what they want
Mental representation
able to use thinking skills and retain mental images, they can also remember and imitate behaviors.
Piaget’s early childhood stage of development
Preoperational
Two substages of pre operational
Pre-conceptual and intuitive
Early childhood is at what stage of Kohlberg’s social development
Preconventional.
Instrumental aggression
Fighting over toys and space
Hostile aggression
Attacks meant to hurt another person
