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social work > Chapter 12- Toddlerhood and early childhood > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Toddlerhood and early childhood Flashcards

1
Q

Chronological age for Toddlerhood

A

12-36 months

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2
Q

Chronological age for early childhood

A

3-6 years

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3
Q

Synaptic blooming

A

a period of overproduction of synapses

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4
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

reduction in the synapses to improve the efficiency of brain functioning.

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5
Q

Myelination

A

the process where axons and neurons are coated with a fatty substance called myelin and causes faster neural communication and info processing

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6
Q

Lateralization

A

the two hemisphere of the brain begin to operate slightly differently, allowing for a wider range of activity

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7
Q

Gross motor skills

A

Control over large muscle groups, may require strength and speed

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8
Q

Fine motor skills

A

control over small muscles groups.

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9
Q

Deferred imitation

A

a child viewing something and imitating it

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10
Q

Transductive reasoning

A

to see a connection between unrelated instances without using abstract logic

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11
Q

Egocentrism

A

children perceive reality only from their own experience and believe themselves to be at the center of existence.

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12
Q

Theory of mind

A

The child’s awareness of their own and other people’s mental processes and to the understanding that other people have different states of awareness

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13
Q

Over-regularization

A

over regular in using grammar rules in speaking

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14
Q

The three components of moral development

A

Knowledge, emotions, actions

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15
Q

Cognitive developmental approach

A

Piaget’s theory had been the basis for stage models of moral reasoning which assumes that moral development changes with cognitive development

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16
Q

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development stages

A

Preconventional: Avoiding punishment and self interest

Conventional: Good boy attitude and law and order mentality

Post conventional: social contract and principle

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17
Q

Mirror neurons

A

key to developing empathy by allowing us to sense the move a person is going to make and the emotions they are experiencing

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18
Q

The two key ingredients for moral development

A

Empathy and perspective taking

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19
Q

Empathy

A

begins at age 3 or 4. Putting yourself in someone else’s shoes

20
Q

Perspective taking

A

The ability to see a situation from another person’s POV

21
Q

Goleman’s term-social intelligence.

A

hallmark of the emotionally intelligent is awareness and regulation of the self, the hallmark of the socially intelligent is awareness of, and sensitivity toward, other peop

22
Q

Gilligan’s research and conclusions about moral development

A

Gilligan challenged Kohlberg’s work and cited bias in the study sample
Noted that gender plays a significant role in how one experiences and acts on ethical thinking and justice
Women’s’ moral thought is guided by caring and maintaining welfare of others whereas men use more abstract principles of justice

23
Q

What does research say about children who show empathy and perspective taking by ages 4 and 5

A

are more likely to exhibit prosocial behavior and sympathy during adolescence and early adulthood

24
Q

How do we help children develop morally

A

Help children:
Control their own behavior
to understand how their behavior affects others.
show them positive models
get them to discuss moral issues

25
Q

Toddlerhood erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

A

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

26
Q

Early childhood Erickson stages of psychosocial development

A

Initiative vs guilt. Children who pass successfully through this stage learn to get satisfaction from completing tasks.

27
Q

Types of aggression

A

Instrumental and hostile

28
Q

transitional objects

A

aka comfort object, allows them to cope with separation from parents

29
Q

Peer relationships

A

In early childhood, children become more socially adept than in toddlerhood.

30
Q

self concept

A

By 2 or 3, children can identify their race and gender. Children are aware of their growing competence.

31
Q

self theory

A

Self-theory in which children use categorization to think about themselves

32
Q

self esteem

A

The way one evaluates the self in relation to others

33
Q

how the brain gives rise to the development of a sense of self.

A

A right frontoparietal network, which overlaps with mirror neurons is activated during tasks that involve self-recognition and discrimination between the self and the other; viewing one’s own face leads to greater signal changes in the inferior frontal gyrus, greater signal change when hearing ones own voice , corticol midline structure

34
Q

The four components of gender role development

A

Gender:
Identity
stability
constancy
Genital bias of gender

35
Q

gender typing

A

expectations about people’s behavior based on their assigned biological sex- in their interactions with adults, from the media, and with peers

36
Q

Four types of child maltreatment

A

Neglect,
Physical abuse
mental abuse
sexual abuse

37
Q

most prevalent type of child maltreatment

A

Neglect

38
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor Sensory seeking
Preoperational Pre- thinking
Concrete operational Concrete thinking
Formal Operational Formal thinking

39
Q

Piaget substagesstages in toddler cognitive development

A

Tertiary circular reactions and mental representation

40
Q

Tertiary circulars reactions

A

toddlers become more creative. For example, if a button doesn’t do what they want, they will press other buttons until they get what they want

41
Q

Mental representation

A

able to use thinking skills and retain mental images, they can also remember and imitate behaviors.

42
Q

Piaget’s early childhood stage of development

A

Preoperational

43
Q

Two substages of pre operational

A

Pre-conceptual and intuitive

44
Q

Early childhood is at what stage of Kohlberg’s social development

A

Preconventional.

45
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

Fighting over toys and space

46
Q

Hostile aggression

A

Attacks meant to hurt another person

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