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Biology > Chapter 12 - The Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - The Reproductive Systems Flashcards

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1
Q
  • GI tract epithelium (except mouth and anus)
A

Endoderm

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2
Q
  • Nasal, oral, anal epithelium
A

Ectoderm

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3
Q
  • Pulsatile nature of ____1.____ increases in ____2.____ and ____3._____ during menopause
A
  1. GnRH
  2. amplitude
  3. frequency
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3
Q
  • Entire cardiovascular and lymphatic system, including blood
A

Mesoderm

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4
Q
  • Pituitary gland (both lobes), adrenal medulla
A

Ectoderm

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4
Q
  • GI glands (liver, pancreas, etc.)
A

Endoderm

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5
Q
  • All muscle, bone, and connective tissue
A

Mesoderm

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7
Q
  • Urogenital organs (kidneys, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts)
A

Mesoderm

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8
Q
  • The morula is the same size as the zygote, which indicates that the dividing cells spend most of their time in what phases of the cell cycle?
A

They must spend most of their time during the S (synthesis) and M (mitotic) phases, skipping the G1 and G2 (gap or growth) phases

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10
Q
  • Epidermis of skin and derivatives (hair, nails, sweat glands, sensory receptors)
A

Ectoderm

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11
Q
  • Urinary bladder
A

Endoderm

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12
Q
  • Entire nervous system
A

Ectoderm

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13
Q
  • What is capacitation?
A
  • The change undergone by sperm in the female reproductive tract that enables them to penetrate and fertilize the egg
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14
Q
  • Dermis of skin
A

Mesoderm

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15
Q
  • Cornea and lens
A

Ectoderm

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16
Q
  • Follicles decline in response during menopause, which leads to an increase in ____1.____ and an even greater increase in _____2._____ (a greater increase because of ____3.____ and ____4.____)
A
  1. LH
  2. FSH
  3. less estradiol
  4. less follistatin
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17
Q
  • Epithelial lining of urogenital organs and duct
A

Endoderm

18
Q
  • Respiratory epithelium
A

Endoderm

19
Q

The uterine cycle can be subdivided into three phases:

A
  1. Menstruation (5 days)
  2. Proliferative phase (9 days)
  3. Secretory phase (14 days; same length as luteal phase)
20
Q

Bipotential stage: 6 week fetus

IF FEMALE:

  • Gonad (___1.___) forms ovary
  • Gonad (___2.___) regresses
  • ___3.___ regresses (___4.___ absent)
  • ___5.___ becomes ___6.___, ___7.___, ___8.___, and ___9.___ (___10.___ absent)
A
  1. cortex
  2. medulla
  3. Wolffian duct
  4. testosterone
  5. Müllerian duct
  6. fallopian tube
  7. uterus
  8. cervix
  9. upper 1/2 of vagina
  10. AMH
21
Q

Bipotential stage: 6 weeks fetus

IF MALE:

  • Gonad (___1.___) regresses
  • Gonad (___2.___) forms ___3.___
  • ___4.___ forms ___5.___, ___6.___, and ___7.___ (___8.___ present)
  • ___9.___ regresses (___10.___ present)
A
  1. cortex
  2. medulla
  3. testis
  4. Wolffian duct
  5. epididymis
  6. vas deferens
  7. seminal vesicle
  8. testosterone
  9. Müllerian duct
  10. AMH
22
Q

Development of External Genitalia

IF FEMALE:

  • Genital tubercle forms ___1.___
  • Urethral folds and grooves form ___2.___, ___3.___, and ___4.___
  • Labioscrotal swellings form ___5.___
A
  1. clitoris
  2. labia minoria
  3. opening of vagina
  4. urethra
  5. labia majora
23
Q

Development of External Genitalia

IF MALE:

  • Genital tubercle forms ___1.___
  • Urethral folds and grooves form ___2.___
  • Labioscrotal swellings form ___3.___ and ___4.___
A
  1. glans penis
  2. shaft of penis
  3. shaft of penis
  4. scrotum
24
Q

DHT controls ___1.___ development (in the human embryo)

Without DHT, the ___2.___ genitalia of the embroyo will take on ___3.___characteristics

A
  1. prostate
  2. external
  3. female
25
Q

Component

  • Sperm

Function

  • ___1.___

Source

  • ___2.___
A
  1. Gametes
  2. Seminiferous tubules
26
Q

Component

  • Mucus

Function

  • ___1.___

Source

  • ___2.___
A
  1. Lubricant
  2. Bulbourethral glands
27
Q

Component

  • Water

Function

  • ___1.___

Source

  • ___2.___
A
  1. Provides liquid medium
  2. All accessory glands
28
Q

Component

  • Water

Function

  • ___1.___

Source

  • ___2.___
A
  1. Provides liquid medium
  2. All accessory glands
  • prostate gland
  • seminal vesicles
  • bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
29
Q

Component

  • Buffers

Function

  • ___1.___

Source

  • ___2.___
A
  1. Neutralize acidic environment of vagina
  2. Prostate, bulbourethral glands
30
Q

Component

  • Nutrients
    • __1.__ , __2.__ , __3.__ , __4.__

Function

  • ___5.___

Source

  • ___6.___, ___7.___, ___8.___, ___9.___
A
  1. Fructose
  2. Citric acid
  3. Vitamin C
  4. Carnitine
  5. Nourish sperm
  6. Fructose —> Seminal vesicle
  7. Citric acid —> Prostate
  8. Vitamin C —> Seminal vesicles
  9. Carnitine —> Epididymis
31
Q

Component

  • Enzymes

Function

  • ___1.___

Source

  • ___2.___
A
  1. Clot semen in vagina, then liquefy the clot
  2. Seminal vesicles and prostate
32
Q

Component

  • Zinc

Function

  • ___1.___

Source

  • ___2.___
A
  1. Unknown, possible association with fertility
  2. Seminal vesicles and prostate
33
Q

Component

  • Prostaglandins

Function

  • ___1.___

Source

  • ___2.___
A
  1. Smooth muscle contraction; may aid sperm transport
  2. Seminal vesicles
34
Q

Normal sperm development requires a temperature that is ___1.___ lower than core body temperature

Hormone production is not as ___2.___ sensitive as sperm production

The prostate gland completely encircles the ___3.___, its enlargement causes difficulty in ___4.___ by narrowing the passageway

A
  1. 2 - 3 oF
  2. temperature
  3. urethra
  4. urinating
35
Q

Gland and secretions

  • Seminal vesicles - ___1.___

Function of secretions

  • ___2.___ of sperm

% of total ejaculate volume

  • ___3.___
A
  1. mostly fructose
  2. Nourishment
  3. 60%
36
Q

Gland and secretions

  • Prostate gland - ___1.___ and a ___2.___

Function of secretions

  • ___3.___ , allows semen to ___4.___ after ejaculation

% of total ejaculate volume

  • ___5.___
A
  1. fructose
  2. coagulant
  3. Nourishment
  4. coagulate
  5. 35%
37
Q

Gland and secretions

  • Bulbourethral glands - thick, ___1.___ mucus

Function of secretions

  • Lubricate ___2.___ , neutralize ___3.___ in male urethra and in female ___4.___

% of total ejaculate volume

  • ___5.___
A
  1. alkaline
  2. urethra
  3. acids
  4. vagina
  5. 3%
38
Q

Gland and secretions

  • Testes - ___1.___

Function of secretions

  • Male ___2.___

% of total ejaculate volume

  • ___3.___
A
  1. sperm
  2. gamete
  3. 2%
39
Q

At birth, the testes of a newborn boy have now progressed beyond mitosis and contain only immature ___1.___ cells

After birth, the gonads become ___2.___ (relatively inactive) until puberty, the period in the early ___3.___ years when the gonads mature

At ___4.___, germ cell mitosis resumes. From that point onward, the germs cells, known as ___5.___, have two possible fates:

  1. ___6.___
  2. ___7.___
A
  1. germ
  2. quiescent
  3. teen
  4. puberty
  5. spermatogonia (singular spermatogonium)
  6. continue to undergo mitosis throughout the male’s reproductive life
  7. start meiosis and become primary spermatocytes
40
Q

Oögonia complete mitosis and the DNA duplication stage of meiosis by the ___1.___ of fetal development

At this time, germ cell mitosis ceases and no further oocytes can be formed. At birth each ovary contains about a ___2.___ primary gametes, or ___3.___

A
  1. fifth month
  2. half a million
  3. primary oocytes

Biology (4 decks)

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