Chapter 12 - The Reproductive Systems Flashcards
- GI tract epithelium (except mouth and anus)
Endoderm
- Nasal, oral, anal epithelium
Ectoderm
- Pulsatile nature of ____1.____ increases in ____2.____ and ____3._____ during menopause
- GnRH
- amplitude
- frequency
- Entire cardiovascular and lymphatic system, including blood
Mesoderm
- Pituitary gland (both lobes), adrenal medulla
Ectoderm
- GI glands (liver, pancreas, etc.)
Endoderm
- All muscle, bone, and connective tissue
Mesoderm
- Urogenital organs (kidneys, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts)
Mesoderm
- The morula is the same size as the zygote, which indicates that the dividing cells spend most of their time in what phases of the cell cycle?
They must spend most of their time during the S (synthesis) and M (mitotic) phases, skipping the G1 and G2 (gap or growth) phases
- Epidermis of skin and derivatives (hair, nails, sweat glands, sensory receptors)
Ectoderm
- Urinary bladder
Endoderm
- Entire nervous system
Ectoderm
- What is capacitation?
- The change undergone by sperm in the female reproductive tract that enables them to penetrate and fertilize the egg
- Dermis of skin
Mesoderm
- Cornea and lens
Ectoderm
- Follicles decline in response during menopause, which leads to an increase in ____1.____ and an even greater increase in _____2._____ (a greater increase because of ____3.____ and ____4.____)
- LH
- FSH
- less estradiol
- less follistatin
- Epithelial lining of urogenital organs and duct
Endoderm
- Respiratory epithelium
Endoderm
The uterine cycle can be subdivided into three phases:
- Menstruation (5 days)
- Proliferative phase (9 days)
- Secretory phase (14 days; same length as luteal phase)
Bipotential stage: 6 week fetus
IF FEMALE:
- Gonad (___1.___) forms ovary
- Gonad (___2.___) regresses
- ___3.___ regresses (___4.___ absent)
- ___5.___ becomes ___6.___, ___7.___, ___8.___, and ___9.___ (___10.___ absent)
- cortex
- medulla
- Wolffian duct
- testosterone
- Müllerian duct
- fallopian tube
- uterus
- cervix
- upper 1/2 of vagina
- AMH
Bipotential stage: 6 weeks fetus
IF MALE:
- Gonad (___1.___) regresses
- Gonad (___2.___) forms ___3.___
- ___4.___ forms ___5.___, ___6.___, and ___7.___ (___8.___ present)
- ___9.___ regresses (___10.___ present)
- cortex
- medulla
- testis
- Wolffian duct
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- seminal vesicle
- testosterone
- Müllerian duct
- AMH
Development of External Genitalia
IF FEMALE:
- Genital tubercle forms ___1.___
- Urethral folds and grooves form ___2.___, ___3.___, and ___4.___
- Labioscrotal swellings form ___5.___
- clitoris
- labia minoria
- opening of vagina
- urethra
- labia majora
Development of External Genitalia
IF MALE:
- Genital tubercle forms ___1.___
- Urethral folds and grooves form ___2.___
- Labioscrotal swellings form ___3.___ and ___4.___
- glans penis
- shaft of penis
- shaft of penis
- scrotum
DHT controls ___1.___ development (in the human embryo)
Without DHT, the ___2.___ genitalia of the embroyo will take on ___3.___characteristics
- prostate
- external
- female
Component
- Sperm
Function
- ___1.___
Source
- ___2.___
- Gametes
- Seminiferous tubules
Component
- Mucus
Function
- ___1.___
Source
- ___2.___
- Lubricant
- Bulbourethral glands
Component
- Water
Function
- ___1.___
Source
- ___2.___
- Provides liquid medium
- All accessory glands
Component
- Water
Function
- ___1.___
Source
- ___2.___
- Provides liquid medium
- All accessory glands
- prostate gland
- seminal vesicles
- bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
Component
- Buffers
Function
- ___1.___
Source
- ___2.___
- Neutralize acidic environment of vagina
- Prostate, bulbourethral glands
Component
- Nutrients
- __1.__ , __2.__ , __3.__ , __4.__
Function
- ___5.___
Source
- ___6.___, ___7.___, ___8.___, ___9.___
- Fructose
- Citric acid
- Vitamin C
- Carnitine
- Nourish sperm
- Fructose —> Seminal vesicle
- Citric acid —> Prostate
- Vitamin C —> Seminal vesicles
- Carnitine —> Epididymis
Component
- Enzymes
Function
- ___1.___
Source
- ___2.___
- Clot semen in vagina, then liquefy the clot
- Seminal vesicles and prostate
Component
- Zinc
Function
- ___1.___
Source
- ___2.___
- Unknown, possible association with fertility
- Seminal vesicles and prostate
Component
- Prostaglandins
Function
- ___1.___
Source
- ___2.___
- Smooth muscle contraction; may aid sperm transport
- Seminal vesicles
Normal sperm development requires a temperature that is ___1.___ lower than core body temperature
Hormone production is not as ___2.___ sensitive as sperm production
The prostate gland completely encircles the ___3.___, its enlargement causes difficulty in ___4.___ by narrowing the passageway
- 2 - 3 oF
- temperature
- urethra
- urinating
Gland and secretions
- Seminal vesicles - ___1.___
Function of secretions
- ___2.___ of sperm
% of total ejaculate volume
- ___3.___
- mostly fructose
- Nourishment
- 60%
Gland and secretions
- Prostate gland - ___1.___ and a ___2.___
Function of secretions
- ___3.___ , allows semen to ___4.___ after ejaculation
% of total ejaculate volume
- ___5.___
- fructose
- coagulant
- Nourishment
- coagulate
- 35%
Gland and secretions
- Bulbourethral glands - thick, ___1.___ mucus
Function of secretions
- Lubricate ___2.___ , neutralize ___3.___ in male urethra and in female ___4.___
% of total ejaculate volume
- ___5.___
- alkaline
- urethra
- acids
- vagina
- 3%
Gland and secretions
- Testes - ___1.___
Function of secretions
- Male ___2.___
% of total ejaculate volume
- ___3.___
- sperm
- gamete
- 2%
At birth, the testes of a newborn boy have now progressed beyond mitosis and contain only immature ___1.___ cells
After birth, the gonads become ___2.___ (relatively inactive) until puberty, the period in the early ___3.___ years when the gonads mature
At ___4.___, germ cell mitosis resumes. From that point onward, the germs cells, known as ___5.___, have two possible fates:
- ___6.___
- ___7.___
- germ
- quiescent
- teen
- puberty
- spermatogonia (singular spermatogonium)
- continue to undergo mitosis throughout the male’s reproductive life
- start meiosis and become primary spermatocytes
Oögonia complete mitosis and the DNA duplication stage of meiosis by the ___1.___ of fetal development
At this time, germ cell mitosis ceases and no further oocytes can be formed. At birth each ovary contains about a ___2.___ primary gametes, or ___3.___
- fifth month
- half a million
- primary oocytes