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PSYC2110 Developmental Psychology > Chapter 12: The Family > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Family Flashcards

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1
Q

What is family structure?

A

the number of and relationships amongst the people living in a household

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2
Q

What are alterations in family structure?

A
  • influence interactions amongst family members
  • affect family routines and norms
  • affect children’s emotional well-being
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3
Q

What are family structures like in Canada?

A
  • more children live with single or unmarried parents
  • first-time parents are older than in the past
  • more children live with grandparents
  • families are smaller
  • family structures are more fluid
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4
Q

Why is it more beneficial to have older first-time parents?

A
  • planned birth with fewer children
  • more education
  • higher job status
  • more financial resources
  • more positive parenting
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5
Q

What are the negative effects of children living with their grandparents?

A
  • financial constraints for grandparents because of limited income and retirement funds
  • children more likely to experience emotional and behavioural problems
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6
Q

Why are there smaller families now compared to before?

A
  • women delaying pregnancies for careers
  • increased access to birth control
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7
Q

Why has teen pregnancy dropped dramatically over the past two decades?

A
  • better sex education
  • access to birth control
  • abortion
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8
Q

What are teen risks related to become pregnant?

A
  • disadvantaged household
  • school problems
  • low expectations for college
  • early first intercourse
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9
Q

What are the consequences of adolescent pregnancy?

A
  • higher risk of poverty
  • negative school outcomes
  • less high school and/or college graduation
  • less positive parenting
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10
Q

What is an intervention program for teen pregnancy?

A

teen-tot progran

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11
Q

How does the development of children of same-sex parents differ from children of hetero parents?

A

it does not differ, child adjustment depends on family dynamics and closeness of parent-child relationship

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12
Q

What mechanisms can divorce affect children?

A
  • parent with whom child lives: single, time-intensive, financially constrained
  • new school, neighbourhood disrupting routines and social networks
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13
Q

What are outcomes of divorce?

A

positive: less conflict, fewer emotional problems
negative: depression, delinquent behaviour

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14
Q

How are children’s adjustment to divorce?

A
  • children experience sadness, depression
  • boys may externalize problems
  • may be a drop in academic achievement
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15
Q

What are the different structures of stepfamilies?

A
  • simple: a new stepparent joins another parent and their children
  • complex/blended: new stepparent and new stepsiblings
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16
Q

What are factors that can affect a child’s adjustment to a stepparent?

A
  • less frequent contact with noncustodial parent
  • relationship with stepparent
  • attitude of noncustodial parent toward the stepparent and level of conflict
  • homicide
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17
Q

What are family dynamics?

A

the way in which family members interact through various relationships: mother-child, father-child, mother-mother, sibling-sibling

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18
Q

What is ethology?

A

study of behaviour within an evolutionary context and attempts to understand behaviour in terms of its adaptive or survival value

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19
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

with the evolutionary history of our species, certain genes predisposed behaviour and they solved adaptive challenges for survival

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20
Q

What is the parental-investment theory?

A

stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behaviour

21
Q

What is socialization?

A

process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviours that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their culture

22
Q

What are two key aspects of parenting and important for children’s development?

A
  • parents’ use of discipline
  • parenting style
23
Q

What is discipline?

A

the set of strategies and behaviours parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately

24
Q

What is internalization?

A

effective discipline that leads to a permanent change in child’s behaviour; child learn and accepted desired behaviour

25
Q

What is punishment?

A

a negative stimulus that follows a behaviour to reduce the likelihood that the behaviour will occur again

26
Q

Why is spanking ineffective?

A
  • does not improve children’s behaviour
  • increases children’s risk for a range of negative outcomes
  • spanking is linked with negative outcomes equally across cultural groups
27
Q

What are the different parenting style?

A
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian
  • permissive
  • uninvolved
28
Q

What are two dimensions of parenting style that important?

A
  • degree of parental warmth and responsiveness
  • degree of parenting control and demandingness
29
Q

What is authoritative parenting and what are children from authoritative families like?

A

high in demandingness and supportiveness
children tend to be:
- competent
- self-assured
- popular with peers
- good coping skills

30
Q

What is authoritarian parenting and what are children from authoritarian families like?

A

high is demandingness and low in responsiveness
children to be:
- relatively low in social and academic competence
- unhappy and unfriendly
- low in self-confidence
- inability to cope with everyday stressors
- high levels of depression, aggression, delinquency, and alcohol problems

31
Q

What is permissive parenting and what are children from permissive parenting like?

A

high in responsiveness but low in demandingness
children tend to be:
- impulsive
- low in self-regulation
- high in externalizing problems
- low in school achievement

32
Q

What is uninvolved parenting?

A

low in both demandingness and responsiveness
children tend to be:
- have disturbed attachment relationships
- have problems with peer relationships
- antisocial behaviour
- low academic competence
- promiscuous sexual behaviour
- more

33
Q

What are the differences in mothers’ and fathers’ interactions with their children influenced by?

A
  • level of involvement
  • child-rearing strategies
  • culture influences
  • effects of warm and responsive parenting
34
Q

What is bidireactionality?

A

the idea that parents and their children are mutually affected by one another’s characteristics and behaviours

35
Q

What are contributing factors to parenting received by children?

A
  • differential susceptibility to quality of parenting
  • individual differences in behaviour, personality
  • temperaments
  • attractiveness
36
Q

How do siblings affect one another’s development?

A
  • sharing
  • reciprocity
  • rivalry
  • social skills
37
Q

What is child maltreatment?

A

action or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker that results in physical or emotional harm to a child or a risk of serious harm

38
Q

What are the main types of maltreatment?

A
  • neglect
  • physical abuse
  • emotional harm
  • sexual abuse
  • exposure to family violence
39
Q

What is the most common form of maltreatment?

A

neglect

40
Q

What is polyvictimization?

A

the co-occurence of multiple forms of maltreatment

41
Q

What are risks of maltreatment?

A
  • parental lack of knowledge about child needs and abilities
  • range of limited resources
  • alcohol and drug dependence
  • social isolation
  • emotion regulation and self-control
42
Q

What are consequences of maltreatment?

A

immediate outcomes:
- physical pain and injury
- physical discomfort
- fear/anxiety
longer-term outcomes:
- attachment challenges; increased risk of cognitive and social struggles
- psychiatric disorders in adolescence and adulthood
- heightened anger cue response; increased negative emotions
more chronic abuse:
- worse outcomes for child later in life: higher rate of substances abuse, violent delinquency, and suicide

43
Q

Do most children recover from maltreatment?

A

positive outcomes are more likely if:
- abused children have sources of resilience in their lives
- physical needs are met
- parents are otherwise nurturing and in stable relationship
- access available to medical care and social services

44
Q

What are the five general strategies to prevent both child abuse and neglect?

A
  • strengthen the economic situation of families
  • change social norms to promote positive parenting
  • provide quality early education to children
  • enhance parenting skills
  • intervene to help children and prevent recurrence of maltreatment
45
Q

What is the bioecological model?

A

considers the child’s environment as composed of a series of nested structures that impact development
- microsystem: family; bidriectionality
- mesosystem: microsystem interconnections
- exosystem: indirect, but influential
- macrosystem: larger cultural and social context
- chronosystem: temporal dimension, change over time

46
Q

How does cultural context affect families?

A
  • beliefs and practices linked with a family’s country, religion, ethnic group, race, group, or affiliation
  • degree to which parents in different cultures engage in specific disciplinary practices
  • degree to which similar parental behaviours affect child outcomes across different cultures
47
Q

How do low-income families affect their dynamic?

A
  • more hours at work and less time with their children
  • higher stress leading to depression, irritability, harsh parenting practices
  • more difficult to provide basic necessities: food, medical care, shelter, safe schools and neighbourhoods
48
Q

What is the effect of a high-income family?

A
  • more, better-quality goods and experiences
  • parents pressure children to overachieve
  • children experience psychological stress
  • comparable or higher rates of drug use, delinquent behaviour, and mental health problems than low-income peers
49
Q

How does parents’ work affect their parenting?

A

parents’ sense of accomplishment at work enhances mental health and quality of parenting
- work-family conflicts related to higher levels of emotional and behavioural problems in their children

PSYC2110 Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

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