chapter 12: the cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

the cell theory

A

all organisms are made of cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

proposed that new cells are formed through cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cell division

A

the splitting of pre-existing cells to from new cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

embryos

A

newly developing organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

meiosis

A

leads to the production of sperm and eggs; results in daughter cells that are genetically different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

gametes

A

male and female reproductive cells (sperm and eggs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

mitosis

A

leads to the production of somatic cells (non-reproductivee cells); results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

somatic cells

A

non-reproductive, “body-belonging” cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the two ways that nuclei divide before cell division

A

meiosis and mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm into two distinct cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

basic steps of cellular replication

A

(1) copying the DNA
(2) separating the copies
(3) dividing the cytoplasms to create two complete cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Walther Flemming

A

in 1879, observed threadlike structures (chromosomes) in the dividing cells of salamander embryos; coined the term mitosis (from the Greek for “thread”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Wilhelm Waldeyer

A

coined the term chromosome (“colored-body”) in 1888

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chromosome

A

consists of a single long DNA double helix that is is wrapped around proteins (histones) in a highly organized manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

histones

A

the proteins around which the DNA is wrapped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gene

A

a region of DNA in a chromosome that codes for a particular protein or RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chromatid

A

each of the double-stranded DNA copies in a replicated chromosome

18
Q

cohesions

A

proteins that join the two chromatids along their length

19
Q

centromere

A

a specialized region of the chromosome where the connection between the two chromatids remains intact

20
Q

sister chromatids

A

chromatid copies that remain attached at their centromere

21
Q

M phase

A

occurs when cells are in the process of separating their chromosomes (“M” = mitotic or meiotic)

22
Q

interphase

A

the phase during which cells spend most of their time; no dramatic changes in the nucleus are visible; chromosomes uncoil into extremely long, thin structures and no longer appear as individual threads; the cell is either growing and preparing to divide or fulfilling its specialized function in a mulitcellular organism

23
Q

Alma Howard and Stephen Pelc

A

discovered (using what process? p. 255 review) that DNA replication occurs during a period in interphase; coined the term “cell cycle”

24
Q

S (synthesis) phase

A

the part of interphase during which chromosomes are replicated

25
cell cycle
the orderly sequence of events that leads a eukaryotic cell through the duplication of its chromosomes to the time it divides
26
G1 phase
the gap between the end of M phase and the start of S phase; in multicellular organisms, cells perform their functional roles during this phase
27
G2 phase
the gap between the end of S phase and the start of M phase; cells uses this phase to prepare for M phase
28
chromatin
DNA wrapped around globular histone proteins (what's the difference between this and a chromosome? --- chromosomes consist of chromatin?)
29
the five subphases within M phase
1. prophase 2. prometaphase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase
30
prophase
chromosomes condense into compact structures
31
spindle apparatus
a structure consisting of microtubules that produces mechanical forces that (1) moved replicated chromosomes during early mitosis and (2) pull chromatids apart in late mitosis
32
MTOCs
"microtubule-organizing centers"; MTOCs define the two poles of the spindle apparatus and produce microtubules
33
polar microtubules
during prophase, microtubules, that extend from each spindle pole and overlap with one another
34
centrosome
a structure that contains a pair of centrioles
35
centrioles
two bundles of microtubules contained in the centrosome
36
cytoplasm
all the contents inside the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus
37
pulse-chase experiment
by (step 1) exposing experimental cells to a high concentration of a modified amino acid and then (step 2) washing it away and replacing it with the normal version of the amino acid, a pulse-chase experiment marks a population of molecules at a particular interval (the pulse) and then follows their fate over time (the chase)
38
microtubules
cytoskeletal components composed of alpha-tubulin polypeptides (at the minus end) and beta-tubulins (at the plus end)
39
prometaphase
"before middle-phase"; ...
40
kinetochores
specialized structures at which the cytoplasmic microtubules attach to chromosomes; each sister chromatid has its own kinetochore, which is assembled at the centromere
41
kinetochore microtubules
.