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biology > Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The centromere is a region in which

A

chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase.

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2
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

a replicate chromosome

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3
Q

Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early
embryo with how many cells?

A

32

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4
Q

If there are 20 chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there?

A

10

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5
Q

For a newly evolving protist, what would be the advantage of using eukaryote -like celldivision rather than binary fission?

A

Cell division would allow for the orderly and efficient segregation of multiple linear
chromosomes.

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6
Q

How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent
cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle?

A

The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of
DNA.

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7
Q

Which term describes two centrosomes arranged at opposite poles of the cell?

A

prometaphase

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8
Q

Which term describes centrioles beginning to move apart in animal cells?

A

prophase

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9
Q

which is the longest of the micotic stages?

A

metaphase

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10
Q

Which term describes centromeres uncoupling, sister chromatids separating, and the two
new chromosomes moving to opposite poles of the cell?

A

anaphase

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11
Q

If cells in the process of dividing are subjected to colchicine, a drug that interferes with the
functioning of the spindle apparatus, at which stage will mitosis be arrested?

A

metaphase

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12
Q

A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would, at its completion, produce
two nuclei each containing how many chromosomes?

A

46

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13
Q

If the cell whose nuclear material is shown in Figure 12.2 continues toward completion of
mitosis, which of the following events would occur next?

A

formation of telophase nuclei

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14
Q

If there are 20 centromeres in a cell at anaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each
daughter cell following cytokinesis?

A

20

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15
Q

If there are 20 chromatids in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each
daughter cell following cytokinesis?

A

10

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16
Q

18) Of the following, the best conclusion concerning the difference between the S phases for
beta and gamma is that

A

gamma contains more DNA than beta

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17
Q

The best conclusion concerning delta is that the cells

A

are actually in the G0 phase.

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18
Q

Where do the microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in both plant and animal cells?

A

centosome

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19
Q

21) If a cell has 8 chromosomes at metaphase of mitosis, how many chromosomes will it have

during anaphase?

A

16

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20
Q

Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitosis but not cytokinesis, the result would be a cell with

A

two nuclei

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21
Q

Regarding mitosis and cytokinesis, one difference between higher plants and animals is

that in plants

A

a cell plate begins to form at telophase, whereas in animals a cleavage furrow is

initiated at that stage.

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22
Q

The formation of a cell plate is beginning across the middle of a cell and nuclei are
re-forming at opposite ends of the cell. What kind of cell is this?

A

a plant cell undergoing cytokinesis

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23
Q

Taxol is an anticancer drug extracted from the Pacific yew tree. In animal cells, taxol
disrupts microtubule formation by binding to microtubules and accelerating their assembly
from the protein precursor, tubulin. Surprisingly, this stops mitosis. Specifically, taxol must
affect

A

the fibers of the mitotic spindle.

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24
Q

Which of the following are primarily responsible for cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

Golgi-derived vesicles

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25
Q

Chromosomes first become visible during which phase of mitosis?

A

prophase

26
Q

During which phases of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids?

A

from g2 of interphase through metaphase

27
Q

In which group of eukaryotic organisms does the nuclear envelope remain intact during
mitosis?

A

dinoflagellates

diatoms

28
Q

Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that

A

prevents shortening of microtubules

29
Q

Measurements of the amount of DNA per nucleus were taken on a large number of cells
from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels ranged from 3 to 6 picograms per
nucleus. In which stage of the cell cycle was the nucleus with 6 picograms of DNA?

A

G2

30
Q

A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately following mitosis and is found to
have an average of 8 picograms of DNA per nucleus. Those cells would have __________
picograms at the end of the S phase and __________ picograms at the end of G 2.

A

16;16

31
Q

The somatic cells derived from a single-celled zygote divide by which process?

A

mitosis

32
Q

Imagine looking through a microscope at a squashed onion root tip. The chromosomes of
many of the cells are plainly visible. In some cells, replicated chromosomes are aligned

along the center (equator) of the cell. These particular cells are in which stage of mitosis?

A

metaphase

33
Q

In order for anaphase to begin, which of the following must occur?

A

Cohesin must be cleaved enzymatically.

34
Q

Why do chromosomes coil during mitosis?

A

to allow the chromosomes to move without becoming entangled and breaking

35
Q

Which of the following is a function of those spindle microtubules that do not attach to
kinetochores?

A

maintaining the region of overlap of fibers in the cellʹs center

36
Q

Which of the following questions might be answered by such a method?

A

What is the length of the S phase of the cell cycle?

37
Q

The research team used the setup to study the incorporation of labeled nucleotides into a
culture of lymphocytes and found that the lymphocytes incorporated the labeled nucleotide
at a significantly higher level after a pathogen was introduced into the culture. They
concluded that

A

infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly.

38
Q

If mammalian cells receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, they will

A

complete the cycle and divide

39
Q

Cells that are in a nondividing state are in which phase?

A

G0

40
Q

What causes the decrease in the amount of cyclin at a specific point in the cell cycle?

A

its destruction by a process initiated by the activity of its complex with a cyclin

41
Q

Which of the following is released by platelets in the vicinity of an injury?

A

PDGF

42
Q

Which is a general term for enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by
phosphorylating them?

A

protein kinase

43
Q

Fibroblasts have receptors for this substance on their plasma membranes:

A

PDGF

44
Q

Which of the following is a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that

associates with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex?

A

cyclin

45
Q

Which of the following is a protein maintained at constant levels throughout the cell cycle

that requires cyclin to become catalytically active?

A

cdk

46
Q

Which of the following triggers the cellʹs passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis?

A

MPF

47
Q

This is the shortest part of the cell cycle:

A

M

48
Q

DNA is replicated at this time of the cell cycle:

A

S

49
Q

The ʺrestriction pointʺ occurs here:

A

G1

50
Q

Nerve and muscle cells are in this phase:

A

G0

51
Q

The cyclin component of MPF is destroyed toward the end of this phase:

A

M

52
Q

An enzyme that attaches a phosphate group to another molecule is called a

A

kinase

53
Q

Proteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, and that show fluctuations in

concentration during the cell cycle, are called

A

cyclins

54
Q

The MPF protein complex turns itself off by

A

activating a process that destroys cyclin component.

55
Q

A mutation results in a cell that no longer produces a normal protein kinase for the M phase checkpoint. Which of the following would likely be the immediate result of this

mutation?

A

The cell would undergo normal mitosis, but fail to enter the next G1 phase.

56
Q

Density-dependent inhibition is explained by which of the following?

A

As cells become more numerous, the cell surface proteins of one cell contact the adjoining cells and they stop dividing.

57
Q

Which of the following is true concerning cancer cells?

A

They do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture.

) When they stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle.

) They are not subject to cell cycle controls.

58
Q

Which of the following describe(s) cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)?

A

Cdk is present throughout the cell cycle.

C) Cdk is an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to other proteins.

59
Q

69) A particular cyclin called cyclin E forms a complex with a cyclin-dependent kinase called

Cdk 2. This complex is important for the progression of the cell from G1 into the S phase of

the cell cycle. Which of the following statements is correct?

A

The amount of cyclin E is highest during G1.

60
Q

The research team established similar lymphocyte cultures from a number of human

donors, including healthy teenagers of both genders, patients already suffering from

long-term bacterial infections, and elderly volunteers. They found that the increase in

lymphocyte incorporation after pathogen introduction was slightly lower in some of the

women teenagers and significantly lower in each of the elderly persons. They repeated the

study with a larger number of samples but got the same results. What might be among

their conclusions?

A

The elderly personsʹ samples demonstrated their lowered immune responses.

61
Q

Cells from an advanced malignant tumor most often have very abnormal chromosomes,

and often an abnormal total number of chromosomes. Why might this occur?

A

Chromosomally abnormal cells can still go through cell cycle checkpoints.

62
Q

Besides the ability of some cancer cells to overproliferate, what else could logically result in

a tumor?

A

lack of appropriate cell death

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