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Traditional Logic I with Mrs. Downie > Chapter 12 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of logic?

A

Logic is the science of right thinking

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2
Q

What are the two main branches of logic

A

formal or “minor” logic; material or “major” logic

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3
Q

Define truth

A

correspondence to reality

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4
Q

Define validity

A

when the conclusion follows logically from the premises

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5
Q

Define soundness

A

when all the premises are true and the argument is valid

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6
Q

What is the purpose of formal logic?

A

to lead us from one truth to another

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7
Q

List the three acts of the mind involved in logic and their corresponding verbal expressions.

A

Simple apprehension - term; judgement - proposition (or statement); deductive inference - syllogism

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8
Q

What are the three things associated with simple apprehension?

A

sense perception; mental image; concept

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9
Q

Give a definition of sense perception

A

the act of seeing or hearing or smelling or tasting or touching

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10
Q

Give the definition of mental image

A

the image of an object formed in the mind as a result of a sense perception of that object

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11
Q

Give the definition of simple apprehension

A

an act by which the mind grasps the concept or general meaning of an object without affirming or denying anything about it

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12
Q

List the three acts of the mind involved in logic and their corresponding verbal expressions.

A

Simple apprehension - term; judgement - proposition (or statement); deductive inference - syllogism

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13
Q

Name the five elements represented by a concept

A

substance, material, living, sentient, rational

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14
Q

What is the extension concept ‘man’?

A

all the men there are, ever were, and ever will be

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15
Q

How do you find the comprehension of a concept?

A

List the notes (or Porphyrian Tree categories)

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16
Q

What is the relationship between extension and comprehension?

A

the greater the comprehension a concept has, the less extension it has; and the more extension it has, the less comprehension

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17
Q

What does sentient mean?

A

it has senses such as sight, hearing, etc.

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18
Q

What does material mean?

A

it has a body, rather than being purely spiritual - like angels

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19
Q

What does substance mean?

A

It is something rather than nothing

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20
Q

What are the two properties of terms

A

signification and supposition

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21
Q

Give a definition of term

A

a word or group of words that verbally expresses a concept

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22
Q

What are three ways terms can be divided according to signification?

A

univocal terms; equivocal terms; analogous terms

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23
Q

What are univocal terms?

A

terms that have exactly the same meaning no matter when or how they are used

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24
Q

What are equivocal terms?

A

terms that, although spelled and pronounced exacly alike, have entirely different and unrelated meanings

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25
Q

What are analogous terms?

A

terms that are applied to different things, but have related meanings

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26
Q

What is material supposition?

A

the use of a term according to its verbal existence

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27
Q

What is logical supposition?

A

the use of a term according to its mental or logical existence

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28
Q

What is real supposition?

A

the use of a term according to its real or actual existence

29
Q

What is the definition of judgement?

A

the act by which the intellect unites by affirming, or separates by denying

30
Q

What does a judgment unite (or separate)?

A

judgement unites or separates two concepts

31
Q

What is the definition of proposition?

A

a sentence that expresses truth or falsity

32
Q

What are three elements of any proposition?

A

the subject-term; the predicate-term; the copula

33
Q

Explain what the subject-term is

A

the verbal expression of the subject of a judgement

34
Q

Explain with the predicate-term is

A

the verbal expression of the predicate of a judgement

35
Q

Explain what the copula is

A

the word in the proposition that connects or relates the subject to the predicate

36
Q

What are the four components of a proposition?

A

quantifier, subject-term, predicate-term, copula

37
Q

Name and describe the four basic types of statements

A

A: All S is P; I: Some is is P; E: No S is P; O: Some S is not P

38
Q

The quality of a proposition has to do with whether it is __ or __.

A

affirmative; negative

39
Q

What type of statements are said to be affirmative?

A

sentences that affirm something to be true about the subject; A and I statements

40
Q

What type of statements are said to be negative?

A

sentences that deny something about the subject; E and O statements

41
Q

The quantity of a proposition is either ___ or ___.

A

universal; particular

42
Q

What type of statements are said to be universal

A

statements that confirm or deny something about all the members in a group; A and E

43
Q

What type of statements are said to be particular

A

statements that confirm or deny something about only some of the members in a group; I and O

44
Q

What are the two kinds of relationship statements can have to one another.

A

opposition; equivalence

45
Q

What are the four ways A, I, E, and O statements can be related to one another in opposition

A

contradictory, contrary, subcontrary, subalternate

46
Q

Which two pairs of statements are contradictory?

A

A and O; E and I

47
Q

Which types of statements are contrary?

A

A and E

48
Q

Which types of statements are subcontrary?

A

I and O

49
Q

Which types of statements are subalternate

A

A and I; E and O

50
Q

Give the Subject-term and predicate-term for each type of statement

A

A - distributed (d) - undistributed (u); I- undistributed (u) - undistributed (u); E - distributed (d) - distributed (d); O - undistributed (u) - distributed (d)

51
Q

What are three ways in which statements can be converted into their logical equivalents?

A

Obversion, conversion, contraposition

52
Q

Give the two-step method for obverting a statement.

A

Change the quality of the statement; negate the predicate

53
Q

Which types of statements can be obverted?

A

A, I, E, and O

54
Q

Tell how to convert a statement

A

Interchange the subject and the predicate

55
Q

Which types of statements can be converted?

A

I and E

56
Q

What is partial conversion and which type of statement is it used with?

A

Partial conversion is accomplished by interchanging the subject and predicate and changing the statement from universal to particular. It is the only way to “convert” an A statement.

57
Q

Give the three-step method for contraposing a statement

A

obvert the statement.; convert the statement; obvert the statement again

58
Q

Which types of statements can be contraposed

A

A and O

59
Q

What is the definition of reasoning?

A

Reasoning is the act by which the mind acquires new knowledge by means of what it already knows.

60
Q

What are the two kinds of reasoning?

A

Deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning

61
Q

What is the definition of deductive inference?

A

deductive inference is the act by which the mind establishes a connection between the antecedent and the consequent

62
Q

What is the definition of syllogism?

A

a syllogism is a group of propositions in orderly sequence, one of which (the consequent) is said to be necessarily inferred from the others (the antecedent).

63
Q

What is the Essential Law of Argumentation?

A

If the antecedent is true, then the consequent must also be true.

64
Q

What are the three terms contained in a syllogism?

A

Major term; Minor term; Middle term

65
Q

In a syllogism, which premise is the major premise?

A

The major premise is the premise that contains the major term.

66
Q

In a syllogism, which premise is the minor premise?

A

The minor premise is the premise that contains the minor term.

67
Q

What is the Dictum de Omni?

A

What is affirmed universally of a certain term is affirmed of every term that comes under that term.

68
Q

What is the Dictum de Nullo?

A

What is denied universally of a certain term is denied of every term that comes under that term.

69
Q

What are the three aspects of logic?

A

apprehension, judgment, and deductive inference

Traditional Logic I with Mrs. Downie (26 decks)

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