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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 12 - Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Personality Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe personality traits

A
  • stable over time, consistent across situations

- psychological characteristics: cognitions, emotions, behaviours, way of interactions

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2
Q

How are personality disorders conceptualized?

A
  • maladaptive, inflexible, pervasive
  • disorders of “reputation”, how others experience the traits as problematic
  • not a manifestation of another mental disorder, or due to effects of drugs, or general medical condition
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3
Q

Name two areas manifested in

A
  • cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control
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4
Q

Example of how perfectionism is a continuum

A

Adaptive: pride
Excessive: until I get right
Problematic: must be perfect, even if more than required
Dysfunctional: nothing ever good enough, never finish anything

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5
Q

Why should personality disorders be diagnosed at all?

A
  • ego-syntonic: trait in line w self-perception, thus resist change
  • better understanding of comorbid disorders
  • important implications in planning treatment
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6
Q

Prevalence of diagnosable in gen pop

A

6-9%

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7
Q

How are PDs organized in DSM5

A

10 disorders in 3 clusters

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8
Q

Define cluster A

A

WEIRD - odd, eccentric behaviour

  • Paranoid
  • Schizoid
  • Schizotypal
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9
Q

Define cluster B

A

WILD - dramatic, emotional, erratic

  • Antisocial
  • Borderline
  • Histrionic
  • Narcissistic
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10
Q

Define Cluster C

A

WITHDRAWN - anxious, fearful behaviour

  • Avoidant
  • Dependent
  • Obsessive-compulsive
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11
Q

Describe paranoid PD

A

Core Cognition: Other people can never be trusted

  • suspicion
  • prevalence: <1%
  • pervasive mistrust
  • motives perceived as malevolent
  • sees hidden meaning behind remarks
  • bears grudges, unforgiving
  • jealousy, suspicion
  • not severe enough to be delusional (not as rigid or well defined)
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12
Q

Describe schizoid PD

A

Core Cognition: I don’t need other people

  • low emotional responsiveness
  • prevalence: women
  • poss related more to asocial disorders (i.e. Aspergers)
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13
Q

Describe schizotypal PD

A

Core Cognition: world is bizarre place

  • eccentric beh & thought
  • prevalence: 3% of gen pop
  • men = women
  • genetic
  • more frequent in relatives of schiz
  • odd, peculiar ideation & beh
  • magical thinking, supersititious beliefs,
  • ideas of reference, unusual perceptual experiences
  • odd speech: vague, overelaborate, stereotyped
  • interpersonal challenges
  • related to schiz, on schizophrenic spectrum
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14
Q

Describe Histrionic PD

A

Core Cognition: I need to impress others to be acceptable

  • prevalence: 3% of gen pop
  • 10-15% in clinical settings
  • Women > men (diagnosed)
  • excessive emotionality, attention-seeking
  • dramatic, exaggerated, but shallow emotions
  • shallow, stormy relationships
  • related to low-self esteem
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15
Q

Describe Narcissistic PD

A

Core Cognition: I am special & unique, not like others

  • prevalence: women
  • grandiose self-importance
  • fantasies of success, power, brilliance, beauty
  • entitlement, need for admiration
  • lack empathy, exploit others
  • unstable, tenuous self-esteem
  • Narcissistic injury: deflated if something really negative happens
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16
Q

Describe Borderline PD

A

Core Cognition: If someone doesn’t care for me, I am nothing

  • prevalence: 1-2% gen pop; 10-20% clinical pop
  • women > men
  • borderline: between neurotic and psychotic
  • unstable interpersonal relationships (really close then really angry/reject). intense, chaotic
  • fluctuating self-esteem
  • impulsive, risky, self-descructive beh
  • feeling empty, fear abandonment
  • intense anger
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17
Q

Etiology of BPD

A
  • childhood abuse & neglect
  • high incidence of sex abuse
  • anxious/ambivalent attachment
  • intense feelings of abandonment
  • “splitting” - idealization, devaluation (all good or bad)
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18
Q

Typical comorbid w BPD

A
  • mood disorders, substance abuse

- eating disorders, PTSD, DID

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19
Q

Treatment issues w BPD

A
  • chaotic, intense interpersonal patterns play out

- long-term intensive treatment

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20
Q

Describe Antisocial PD

A

Core Cognition: People are there to be used - get others before they get you

  • Prevalence: 3% (higher in prisions)
  • men > women (2:1 - 7:1)
  • “psychopath” concept
  • disregard for others, aggressive, fights, assaults
  • reckless beh, impulsive,
  • fail to plan ahead
  • deceitful, irresponsible
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21
Q

What is Antisocial PD diagnosed as in adolescents

A

Conduct disorder before age 15

- aggression to others, animals, cruelty, deceitfulness

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22
Q

Describe Avoidant PD

A

Core Cognition: I need to be careful not to be hurt by others

  • prevalence: 1%
  • men = women
  • anxious, fearful, much like anxiety disorders
  • social inhibit, fear rejection
  • hypersensitive to neg eval
  • avoid trying new things, fear of embarrassment
  • similar and often comorbid to social phobia
23
Q

Describe Dependent PD

A

Core Cognition: I am helpless. I need someone to take care of me

  • prevalence: 2% (v common in clinical settings)
  • women > men
  • submissive, dependent, clinging
  • need to be taken care of
  • seeking advice, reassurance
  • fear of being alone, helpless
  • comorbid: depression, panic disorder
24
Q

Describe Obsessive-compulsive PD

A

Core Cognition: errors are bad. I must not make a mistake

  • prevalence: 2%
  • men > women
  • preoccupied w orderliness, perfectionism, control
  • excessive devotion to work, inflexible, no down time
  • rigid, stubborn, miserliness, hoarding
  • control freak
25
Q

Difference between OCPD and OCD

A

OCD: ego-dystonic
OCPD: ego-syntonic

  • OCPD no obsessions or compulsions
26
Q

Name the CBT approach to treating personality disorders

A
  • Schema Therapy

- treats early maladaptive schemas

27
Q

Describe how Early Maladaptive schemas may have occurred

A
  • schemas develop early in life
  • when childhood needs are not met
  • tend to be self-perpetuating, resistant to change
  • information is distorted to fit schema
  • unconditional beliefs about self, others (simlar to self/world/future)
    • defensiveness, incompetence, entitlement, etc
  • automatic thoughts (activated by environment events)
  • produce strong emotional reactions, malad beh
28
Q

Describe Early Maladaptive schemas core childhood needs

A
  • love, nurturing, attention
  • acceptance, praise
  • stable base, predictible, safety
  • empathy
  • guidance, protection, limit-setting
  • validation of feelings, needs
29
Q

Unique challenges to treating PDs

A
  • resistant to change, rigid
  • less co-operative, less motivated
  • cognitions less conscious, accessible
  • more focus needed on the thera relationship, early experience key
  • can’t diagnose before age 18
30
Q

Issues in psychotherapy

A

GOAL: restructuring personality

  • change perception & understanding of interpersonal events
  • anticipating consequences of actions
  • develop realistic & stable self
  • find mutuality & intimacy in relationships
  • thera reln’ is most important
31
Q

Is Psychodynamic or schema therapy more effective for PBD

A

schema therapy by far

32
Q

5 formal criteria to diagnose PD

A

Criterion A: pattern of beh in two: cognition, emotions, interpersonal, impulse control
Criterion B: pattern rigid & consistent across personal & social
Criterion C: clin sig distress
Criterion D: stable and long duration of symptoms, adolescence or earlier
Criterion E: not accounted by other disorder

33
Q

DSM 5 PDs going away

A

paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, dependent

34
Q

avg duration of hospital stay due to PD

A

9.5 days

35
Q

Most common cluster for suicide

A

Cluster B most common in suicide

36
Q

Cluster commonality in married/education

A

Cluster A: never married men
Cluster B: poorly educated men
Cluster C: graduated highschool but never married

37
Q

Most common cluster to seek treatment

A

Cluster B, then Cluster C, then A

38
Q

Key research focus for PD (reliability)

A
  • inter-rater reliability

- test-retest reliability

39
Q

Common pair of PD

A
  • borderline & schizotypal
40
Q

Comorbid rates w Axis I

A

about half w PD also have Axis I disorder

41
Q

Describe Dark triad

A

Machiavellanism + subclinical narcissism + subclinical psychopathy

42
Q

Progress of naming psychopathy

A
  • manie san deliere (madness w/out delirium)
  • moral insanity
  • psychopathic inferiority
  • sociopath
43
Q

Etiology of clusters (bio vs env)

A

Cluster A: genetic
Cluster B: bio + attachment
Cluster C: not yet

44
Q

Difference between paranoid personality & paranoid schizophrenia

A
  • severity
    Schizo: a delusion, ingreained
    Paranoid PD: non-bizarre, general suspicion
45
Q

Difference between APD and psychopathy

A
  • most psychopaths are APD, but only some APD are psychopaths
  • psychopathy includes emotional, interpersonal and beh features
46
Q

Fearlessness hypothesis

A
  • higher threshold for feeling fear than do other people
  • learned to be indifferent to physical punishment or oppositional attempts to control
  • update: differentially responsive (not fear physical, but do respond when money is at stake)
47
Q

Burnout factor relates to which PD

A

Antisocial beh

48
Q

Selective impulsivity theory

A
  • psychopaths aren’t out of control, just can quickly weigh pros and cons.
  • will act impulsively if worth it
49
Q

Affected Brain parts in psychopaths

A
  • PFC, hippocampus, angular gyrus, basal ganglia, amygdala

- amygdala: use cognitive means to compensate for missing limbic input

50
Q

Two pathways to psychopathy

A

Fundamental: biological hinders affective bonds
Secondary: neg env experiences in childhood. unable to detach frm emotions

51
Q

Biosocial theory of BPD

A
  • bio predisposed to unable regulate own emotions

- experience emo reactions more strongly, longer to recover

52
Q

Makes avoidant unique

A

feeling lonely

53
Q

Relatives disorders related to panic

A

Relatives of male dependent PD: depression

Relatives of female dependent PD: panic disorder

54
Q

DBT

A
  • therapist accepts demanding beh

- exposure treatment, skills training, contingency mgmt, cog restructuring

Abnormal Psychology (6 decks)

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