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MS LEC P3 > CHAPTER 12 part 2 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 12 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

warning signs of cancer

A

Changes in bowel/bladder habits
A sore that doesnt heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
Thickening/lumps
Indigestion/dysphagia
Obvious changes in warts/moles
Nagging cough/dysphagia

Unexpected anemia
Sudden weight loss

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2
Q

used to diagnose the prognosis of the patient; how many is the survival rate

A

tumor grading

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3
Q

tumor grading: cells SLIGHTLY abnormal and WELL DIFFERENTIATED

A

grade 1

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4
Q

tumor grading: cells MORE ABNORMAL; MODERATELY differentiated

A

grade 2

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5
Q

tumor grading: cells VERY ABNORMAL; POORLY differentiated

A

grade 3

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6
Q

tumor grading: cells IMMATURE and DIFFERENTIATED

A

grade 4

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7
Q

genetically altered cells clone and proliferate abnormally

A

cell proliferation

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8
Q

it ‘presents antigen to T-cell’ to activate immune system

A

APC / antigen presenting cell

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9
Q

give a characteristic of benign and malignant cells

A

cell characteristics
mode of growth
size of growth
metastasis

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10
Q

formation or build up of cancer cells

A

carcinogenesis

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11
Q

three step of carcinogenesis

A

initiation
promotion
progression

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12
Q

it is where MUTATION STARTS when there is carcinogens

A

initiation

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13
Q

what prevention: reducing the risk of disease THROUGH HEALTH PROMOTION

A

primary prevention

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14
Q

what prevention: SCREENING and early detection activities that seek to identify precancerous lesions and early stage cancer

A

secondary prevention

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15
Q

detect breast cancer

A

mammogram

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16
Q

detect cervical cancer

A

pap smear

17
Q

detect prostate cancer

A

DRE/ digital rectal exam

18
Q

what prevention: focus on MONITORING and PREVENTING RECURRENCE of the primary cancer

A

tertiary prevention

19
Q

determines the size of the tumor, the existence of local invasion, lymph node involvements

A

staging

20
Q

the cancer causing genes

A

oncogenes

21
Q

these genes normally inhibit cell division and PREVENT SURVIVAL OF CELLS that have damaged DNA

A

tsg / tumor suppressor genes

22
Q

what are the phase of cell cycle:

A

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Cytokinesis

23
Q

the COMPLETE ERADICATION of the malignant disease

A

cure

24
Q

PROLONGING the survival/life of the patient

A

control

25
Q

the RELIEF OF THE SYMPTOMS; giving of pain killers

A

palliation

26
Q

give sample of surgical treatment

A

diagnostic test
biopsy
tumor removal
prophylactic surgery
palliative surgrey

27
Q

what surgery: obtaining a tissue and conduct histology

A

diagnostic surgery

28
Q

what surgery: excisional, incisional, needle

A

biopsy

29
Q

removing of vital organs risk to metastasis
ex. mastectomy

A

prophylactic surgery

MS LEC P3 (20 decks)

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