CHAPTER 12 part 2 Flashcards
warning signs of cancer
Changes in bowel/bladder habits
A sore that doesnt heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
Thickening/lumps
Indigestion/dysphagia
Obvious changes in warts/moles
Nagging cough/dysphagia
Unexpected anemia
Sudden weight loss
used to diagnose the prognosis of the patient; how many is the survival rate
tumor grading
tumor grading: cells SLIGHTLY abnormal and WELL DIFFERENTIATED
grade 1
tumor grading: cells MORE ABNORMAL; MODERATELY differentiated
grade 2
tumor grading: cells VERY ABNORMAL; POORLY differentiated
grade 3
tumor grading: cells IMMATURE and DIFFERENTIATED
grade 4
genetically altered cells clone and proliferate abnormally
cell proliferation
it ‘presents antigen to T-cell’ to activate immune system
APC / antigen presenting cell
give a characteristic of benign and malignant cells
cell characteristics
mode of growth
size of growth
metastasis
formation or build up of cancer cells
carcinogenesis
three step of carcinogenesis
initiation
promotion
progression
it is where MUTATION STARTS when there is carcinogens
initiation
what prevention: reducing the risk of disease THROUGH HEALTH PROMOTION
primary prevention
what prevention: SCREENING and early detection activities that seek to identify precancerous lesions and early stage cancer
secondary prevention
detect breast cancer
mammogram
detect cervical cancer
pap smear
detect prostate cancer
DRE/ digital rectal exam
what prevention: focus on MONITORING and PREVENTING RECURRENCE of the primary cancer
tertiary prevention
determines the size of the tumor, the existence of local invasion, lymph node involvements
staging
the cancer causing genes
oncogenes
these genes normally inhibit cell division and PREVENT SURVIVAL OF CELLS that have damaged DNA
tsg / tumor suppressor genes
what are the phase of cell cycle:
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Cytokinesis
the COMPLETE ERADICATION of the malignant disease
cure
PROLONGING the survival/life of the patient
control
the RELIEF OF THE SYMPTOMS; giving of pain killers
palliation
give sample of surgical treatment
diagnostic test
biopsy
tumor removal
prophylactic surgery
palliative surgrey
what surgery: obtaining a tissue and conduct histology
diagnostic surgery
what surgery: excisional, incisional, needle
biopsy
removing of vital organs risk to metastasis
ex. mastectomy
prophylactic surgery
