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A&P > Chapter 12 (Part 1): The Central Nervous System - The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 12 (Part 1): The Central Nervous System - The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalization

A
  • enhancement of anterior CNS
  • increase in in number of neurons
  • most advanced level is human brain
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2
Q

Brain ventricles

A 
-hollow spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Contains:
-lateral ventricles (telencephalon)
-third ventricle (diencephalon)
-fourth ventricle (hindbrain)
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3
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • gyri: ridges
  • sucli: shallow grooves
  • two hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure
  • 3 basic regions: outer cortex (gray matter), inner white matter, and basal nuclei
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4
Q

central sulcus

A

deep sulcus that separates frontal and parietal lobes

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5
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates parietal and occipital lobes

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6
Q

lateral sulcus

A

separates parietal and temporal lobes

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7
Q

cortex

A
  • gray matter
  • 40% mass of brain
  • mostly neuron soma
  • hemispheres act contralaterally (control opposite sides of body)
  • hemispheres have diff functions
  • conscious behavior involves entire cortex
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8
Q

cortical function areas

A
  • motor areas: voluntary movement
  • sensory areas: conscious awareness of sensation
  • association areas: integrate information
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9
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary motor functions, planning, mood, smell

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10
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory reception, integration of sensory iformation

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11
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual reception and processing

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12
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behaviors

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13
Q

primary motor cortex

A

-located in precentral gyrus
-conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movement
-motor homunculus: caricature of relative amounts of tissue devoted to each motor function
Areas:
-premotor: learned repetitive motor skills (typing, playing instruments)
-broca’s area: controlling muscles for speech
-frontal eye field: muscles in eye movement

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14
Q

sensory areas

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex

- somatosensory homunculus

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15
Q

Lateralization of cortical function

A
  • each hemisphere has individual abilities
  • cerebral dominance: designates hemisphere dominant for language
  • left hemisphere: language, math, logic
  • right hemisphere: visual-spatial skills, emotion, artistic skills
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16
Q

White matter of cerebrum

A

-deep myelinated fibers and their tracts
Connections made by:
-commissural fibers (corresponding gray areas in hemispheres)
-association fibers (diff parts of same hemisphere)
-projection fibers (enter hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers)

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17
Q

Basal nuclei (ganglia)

A
  • masses of gray matter
  • deep within cortical white mater
  • functions:
  • –control of muscles
  • –attention/cognition
  • –intensity of slow/stereotyped movements
  • –inhibit antagonistic/unnecessary movement
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18
Q

parts of corpus striatum

A
  • –caudate nucleus
  • –lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus)
  • –fibers of internal capsule running between the two
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19
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • central core of forebrain
  • 3 paired structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
  • encloses third ventricle
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20
Q

Thalamus

A
  • where afferent impulses from all senses converge/synapse
  • sorts, edits, and relays impulses of similar function
  • mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, memory
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21
Q

hypothalamus

A

-infundibulum=stock of hypothalamus, connects it to pituitary (“master”) gland
-main visceral control center of body
-Regulates:
blood pressure
rate/force of heartbeat
digestive tract motility
rate/depth of breathing
other visceral organ activities
-Involved in pleasure, fear, and rage
-thermoregulation
-hunger and satiety
-sleep and sleep cycle
-functions as endocrine gland
—control secretion of hormones

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22
Q

epithalamus

A

most dorsal portion of diencephalon, forms roof of third ventricle

23
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin

-hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood

24
Q

choroid plexus

A

structure that secretes cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

25
Q

Brain stem

A
  • consists of 3: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

- embedded nuclei (unlike spinal cord)

26
Q

midbrain

A
  • part of brain stem
  • various nuclei
  • coordination of head/eye movement
  • startle reflexes
  • relay “stations” for descending motor pathway
27
Q

pons

A

-part of brainstem
-“pons”=bridge
-connects higher brain centers and spinal cord
-relays impulse between motor cortex and cerebellum:
sleep, hearing, balance, taste, facial expression and sensation, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, posture

28
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • part of brainstem
  • pyramids: two longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts: decussation (crossing over)
  • vestibular nuclear complex: nuclei that mediate and maintain equilibrium
  • ascending sensory tract nuclei: somatic sensory info relayed to somatosensory cortex
  • visceral motor nuclei: cardiovascular center, respiratory centers, specialized reflexes (vomiting, hiccuping, coughing, sneezing)
29
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction
  • subconscious
  • vermis connects two bilaterally symmetrical hemispheres
  • each hemisphere has anterior, posterior, and flocculondolar lobes
  • arbor vitae: tree like pattern of cerebellar white matter
  • superior penduncle connects to midbrain
  • middle penduncle connects to pons
  • inferior penduncle connects to medulla
30
Q

Fuction/integretion of cerebellum and cerebral cortex: Cerebellar cortex

A
  • voluntary muscle contraction
  • proprioceptors and visual signals “inform” cerebellum of body’s condition
  • calculates best way to perform a movement
  • a “blueprint” of coordinated movement sent to cerebral motor cortex
31
Q

functional brain systems

A

-network of neurons working together, spanning wide areas of brain
Two systems
1. limbic system
2. reticular formation

32
Q

Limbic system

A
  • Amygdala: anger, danger, fear responses
  • Cingulate gyrus: expressing emotions via gestures, resolves mental conflict
  • Hippocampus: memory
  • interacts with prefrontal lobes as interface between emotional and cognitive brains
33
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • wide ranging axonal connections with hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord (basically entire brain)
  • filters sensory input, prevents overload
  • keeps cerebral cortex alive and alert
  • regulates sleep/consciousness
34
Q

brain waves

A

-patterns of neuronal electrical activity
-normal brain function=continuous electrical activity
-electroencephalogram (EEG) records brain wave activity
-change with age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, chem state of body
-four main categories based on freq
Alpha waves
Beta Waves
Theta Waves
Delta Waves

35
Q

alpha waves

A
  • regular and rhythmic
  • low amp
  • slow, synchronous waves
  • “idling” brain
36
Q

beta waves

A

rhythmic
more irregular than alpha waves
awake and mentally alert state

37
Q

theta waves

A

more irregular than alpha waves

common in children but abnormal in adults

38
Q

delta waves

A

-high amp

deep sleep and when reticular activating system is damped

39
Q

Consciousness

A
  • simultaneous activity of large areas of cerebral cortex
  • superimposed on other types of neural activity
  • continuum of alertness, drowsiness, stupor, coma
40
Q

Sleep

A

-NREM vs REM sleep
-4 stages of NREM during first 30-40 min of sleep: restorative, slow wave sleep
-REM after: deprivation causes moodiness and clinical depression
REM/NREM cyclical patterns

41
Q

Memory

A

-storage and retrieval of info
-short term and long term
Transfer short term to long term
-emotional state (alert, motivated, aroused)
-rehearsal
-association
-automatic memory (subconscious)

42
Q

Mechanisms of memory

A
  • dendritic spins change shape
  • LTP by NMDA
  • synthesis of synaptic proteins of post synaptic terminals upregulated
  • number and size of presynaptic terminals may increase
  • more NT released by presynaptic neuron
43
Q

Protection of CNS

A

Brain protected by

  1. bone (cranium)
  2. meninges: three membranes external to CNS (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater)
  3. CSF
    - harmful substances prevented by blood-brain barrier
44
Q

Dura mater

A

two fibrous connective tissue layers, dural sinuses

45
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • loose brain covering
  • separated from dura mater by subdural space filled with CSF and large blood vessels
  • arachnoid villi permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood
46
Q

Pia mater

A

deep meninx clinging tightly to brain

47
Q

CSF

A
  • basically devoid of protein (which is more important for buffering)
  • liquid cushion for buoyancy (reduces weight by 97%)
  • carries chem signals throughout CNS
  • nourishes brain
48
Q

Choroid plexus

A
  • im pumps allow them to alter ion concentrations in CSF

- removes waste/cleanses CSF

49
Q

blood-brain barrier

A
  • stable environment for brain
  • selective barrier: nutrients pass freely
  • ineffective against substances that can diffuse through plasma membranes
  • absent in some areas to allow them to monitor chem comp of blood
  • stress increases ability of chem to pass through
50
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA, stroke)

A
  • blood circulation to brain is blocked, tissue dies
  • most commonly blood clot or atherosclerosis (blockage of cerebral artery)
  • stransient ischemic attacks (TIAs): temp episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia)
  • TPA treatment if blood clot caused stroke
51
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

-degenerative
-progressive
causes dementia

52
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

-degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons on substantia nigra (basal nuclei)

53
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

-fatal hereditary disorder caused by mutation of protein huntingtin that leads to degeneration of basal nuclei

A&P (2 decks)

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