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A&PII Classroom > Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into the blood
sends information

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

employs electrical and chemical means to send messages from cell to cell
processes information

A

nervous system

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3
Q
  • sense organs RECIEVES INFORMATION about changes in the body and the external environment and TRANSMIT CODED MESSAGES to the spinal cord and the brain
  • brain &spinal cord PROCESS THIS INFORMATION relate it to past experiences and determine what response is appropriate to the circumstances
  • brain & spinal cord ISSUE COMMANDS to muscles & gland cells to carry out such a response
A

Three basic steps to the nervous system

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4
Q

tow major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system

A

central and peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

Brain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings & enclosed by cranium and vertebral column

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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6
Q

all the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord; composed of NERVES and GANGLIA

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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7
Q

a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

A

nerve

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8
Q

a knot like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated

A

Ganglion

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9
Q

brain & spinal cord

A

Central Nervous system

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10
Q

sensory and motor division

A

peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

visceral & somatic sensory division

A

sensory division

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12
Q

sympathetic & parasympathetic division

A

Motor division-> visceral motor division

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13
Q

carries sensory signals form various receptors to the CNS

informs the CNS of stimuli within or around the body

A

Sensory (afferent: accept or admit) division

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14
Q

carries signal form receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints (touch)

A

somatic sensory division

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15
Q

visceral & somatic motor division

A

motor division

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16
Q

Visceral sensory division

A

carries signals from the viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder (internal organs)

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17
Q

Motor (efferent: exit or effect) division

A

carries signals from the CNS to gland and muscle cells that carry out the body’s response

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18
Q

effectors

A

cells and organs that respond to commands from the CNS

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19
Q

Somatic motor division

A

carries signals to skeletal muscles (contraction)

output produces muscular contraction as well as somatic reflexes

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20
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

involuntary muscle contractions

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21
Q

visceral motor division (autonomic nervous system: self governed)

A
  • not in control
  • carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
  • involuntary and responses of this system and its receptors are visceral reflexes
  • sympathetic & parasympathetic
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22
Q

sympathetic division

A

fight or flight

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23
Q

parasympathetic division

A

rest and digest

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24
Q 
tends to have calming effect 
slows heart rate and breathing
stimulates digestive and urinary systems 
body says you are safe 
maintains homeostasis
A

Parasympathetic division (rest and digest)

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25
Q

tends to arouse body to action
accelerating heart beat and respiration, while inhibiting digestive and urinary systems
your body tells you that you are in danger

A

sympathetic division (fight or flight)

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26
Q

excitability (irritability)
conductivity
secretion

A

attributes of neurons

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27
Q

Excitability (irritability)

A

respond to environment changes called stimuli

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28
Q

Conductivity

A

Neurons respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells distant locations
Action Potential one after the other

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29
Q

Secretion

A

When electrical signal reaches end of the nerve fiber, a chemical neurotransmitter is secreted that crosses the gap and stimulates the next cell

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30
Q

inter neurons (association neurons)

A

Get job done

are confined to the CNS

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31
Q

three classes of neurons

A

sensory
inter neurons
motor

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32
Q

neurons conduct signals from receptors to the CNS
specialized to detect stimuli
transmit info about them to the CNS
begin in almost every organ in the body and end in CNS

A

Sensory (afferent)

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33
Q

neurons conduct signals from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands
send signals out to muscles and gland cells
motor bc most of them lead to muscles

A

motor (efferent)

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34
Q

lie entirely within the CNS
receive signals from many neurons and carry out the integrative function ( process, store ,and retrieve info and “make decisions” that determine how the body will respond to stimuli)
90% of all neurons are interneurons
lie between and interconnect the incoming sensory pathways and the outgoing motor pathways of the CNS

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

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35
Q

the control center of the neurons

also called neuroma, cell body, has a single, centrally located nucleus with large nucleolus

A

Soma

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36
Q

Vast number of branches coming from a few thick branches from the soma
Resemble bare branches of a tree in winter
Primary site for receiving signals from other neurons
The more dendrites the neuron has, the more info it can receive & incorporate into decision making
Provide precise pathway for the reception & processing of neural info
Pick of information

A

Dendrites

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37
Q

Transmit information
Originates from a mound on one side of the soma called axon hillock
Cylindrical,relatively u branches for most of its length , axon collaterals
Branch extensively on distal end
Specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals to points remote to the soma

A

Axon (nerve fiber)

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38
Q

Originates from a mound on one side of the soma

A

Axon hillock

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39
Q

Branches of axon

A

Axon collaterals

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40
Q

Only one axon per neuron
Schwann cells and myelin sheath enclose axon
Distal end, axon has terminal arborization
Synaptic knob
Contains synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitter

A

Axon (nerve fiber) continue

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41
Q

Extensive complex of fine branches

Terminal where one cell connects to another

A

Terminal arborization

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42
Q

Little swelling that forms a junction (synapse) with the next cell

A

Synaptic knob

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43
Q

Space in between Schwann cells

A

Nose of Ranvier

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44
Q

One axon and multiple dendrites
Most common
Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord

A

Multipolar neurons

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45
Q

One axon and one dendrite

Olfactory cells, retina, inner ear

A

Bipolar neuron

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46
Q

Single process leading away from the soma

Sensory from skin and organs to spinal cord ( motor neurons)

A

Unipolar neuron

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47
Q

Many dendrites but no axon

Help in visual processes

A

Anaxonic neuron

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48
Q

Two way passage of proteins, organelles, and other material along an axon
Anterograde transport
Retrograde transport
Many proteins made in soma must be transported to axon and axon terminal
Micro tubules guide materials along axon

A

Axon transport

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49
Q

Movement down the axon away from soma

A

Anterograde transport

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50
Q

Movement up the axon toward the soma

Return

A

Retrograde transport

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51
Q

Guide materials along axon

Motor proteins carry materials “on their backs” while they “crawl” along micro tubules (tracks )

A

Micro tubules

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52
Q

No stop in between
Fast anterograde transport (up to 400 mm/day)
Fast retrograde transport

A

Fast axonal transport

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53
Q

Organelles, enzymes, synaptic vesicles, and small molecules

A

Fast anterograde transport

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54
Q

For recycled materials

A

Fast retrograde transport

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55
Q

Stops in between
Always anterograde
Moves enzymes, cytoskeletal components, and new axon plasm down the axon during repair and regeneration of damaged axons

A

Slow axonal transport or axoplasmic flow

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56
Q

1 trillion neurons
Neuralgia Outnumber the neurons by as much as 50:1
Neuralgia or glial cells

A

Supportive cells

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57
Q

Support and protect the neurons
Bind neurons together and form framework for nervous tissue
If mature neuron is not in synaptic contact with another neuron it is covered by glial cells
Prevent neurons from touching each other
Gives precision to conduction pathways
Schwann cells are

A

Neuralgia or glial cells

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58
Q

Four types of neuroglia that occur only in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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59
Q

Form myelin sheaths in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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60
Q

Secretes and circulates (produces) cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

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61
Q

Small wandering macrophages formed from white blood cells called monocytes
Wander in search of cellular debris to phagocytize
Consume things they need to get rid of

A

Micro glia

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62
Q 
Most abundant glial cell in CNS 
Gray matter ; multitask cell
Form a supportive framework 
Have blood brain barrier 
Covert blood glucose to lactate and supply lactate to the neurons for nourishment 
Nerve growth factors 
Communicate electrically with neurons
Regulate chemical composition using neurotransmitters 
Astrophysics
A

Astrocytes

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63
Q

Have extensions (peri vascular feet) that contact blood capillaries that stimulate them to form a tight seal

A

Blood brain barrier

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64
Q

When neuron is damaged astrocytes form harden scar tissue and fill space formerly occupied by the neuron

A

Astrocytosis or sclerosis

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65
Q

Two types of neuroglia that occur only in PNS

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

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66
Q

Create myelin for PNS

Regenerate damaged fibers

A

Schwann cells

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67
Q

Provide electrical insulation around the soma (insulate soma)
Regulate the chemical environment

A

Satellite cells

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68
Q

Masses of rapidly dividing cells

A

Rumors

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69
Q

Mitosis out of control
Meninges
Metastasis from non neuronal rumors in other organs
Often glial cells that motors ally active throughout life
Outside easier to treat

A

Brain tumor arise from

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70
Q

Grow rapidly and are highly malignant
Blood brain barrier decreases effectiveness of chemotherapy
Treatment consists of radiation or surgery
Harder to treat inside

A

Gliomas

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71
Q

An insulating layer around a nerve fiber
Formed by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS
Mostly fat 80% fat
Nonpolar

A

Myelin sheath

72
Q

Production of the myelin sheath
Begins at week 14 of fetal development
Dietary fat is important to CNS development

A

Myelination

73
Q 
Is segmented 
Nodes of Ranvier 
Internodes
Initial segment 
Trigger zone
A

Myelin sheath

74
Q

Gap between segments

A

Nodes of Ranvier

75
Q

Myelin covered segments from one gap to the next

A

Internodes

76
Q

Short section of nerve fiber between the axon hillock and the first glial cell

A

Initial segment

77
Q

The axon hillock and the initial segment

A

Trigger zone

78
Q

Degenerative disorders of the Mullen sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis

Tay each disease

79
Q

A hereditary disorder

Abnormal accumulation of glycolipids called GM2 in the myelin sheath

A

Tay Sachs disease

80
Q

1 Schwann cell many axon

A

Unmyelinated

81
Q

Many Schwann cells 1 axon

A

Myelinated

82
Q

Larger fibers have more surface area and conduct signals more rapidly and myelinated

A

Fastest conduction speed

83
Q

The faster the conduction speed the faster

A

We are burning energy

84
Q

_____ signals supply the stomach and dilate pupil where speed is less of an issue

A

Slow

85
Q

___signals supply skeletal muscles and transport sensory

A

Fast

86
Q

Regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fiber can occur if:

A

It’s soma is intact

At least some neurilemma remains

87
Q

What can not regenerate neurons

A

CNS

88
Q

Cellular mechanisms for producing electrical potentials and currents
basis for neural communication and muscle contraction

A

Electrophysiology

89
Q

a difference in the concentration in the concentration of charged particles between one point and another

A

electrical current

90
Q

a flow of charged particles form one point to another
in the body currents are movements of ions, such as NA or K through gated channels in the plasma membrane
gated channels are opened or closed by various stimuli
enables cell to turn electrical currents on and off

A

Electrical current

91
Q

Neurons & muscle cells

living cells are

A

Polarized

92
Q

charge difference across the plasma membrane
about -70 mV
negative value means there are more neg charged particles on the inside of the membrane than on the outside

A

Resting membrane potential

93
Q

disturbances in membrane potential when a neuron is stimulated
anything disturbing the RMP
neurons response begins at the dendrite, spreads through the soma
neurons stimulated by chemicals, light, heat , or mechanical disturbances
opens the Na gates and allows Na to rush into the cell
Na inflow neutralizes some of the internal neg charge
Voltage measured across the membrane drifts toward zero
Deploarization

A

Local potentials

94
Q

Na diffuses for short distance on the inside of the plasma membrane producing a current that travels toward the cells trigger zone; this short- range change in voltage is called what

A

Local potential

95
Q

case in which membrane voltage shifts to a less negative value

A

depolarization

96
Q

graded, decremental , reversible, and either excitatory or inhibitory

A

differences of local potentials from action potentials

97
Q

vary in magnitude with stimulus strength
stronger stimuli open more Na gates
strength

A

Graded

98
Q

get weaker the farther they spread from the point of stimulation
voltage shift causes by Na inflow diminishes rapidly with distance

A

decremental

99
Q

when stimulation ceases K diffusion out of cell returns the cell to its normal resting potential

A

reversible

100
Q

some neurotransmitters ( glycine) make the membrane potential more neg- hyperpolarize it- so it becomes less sensitive and less likely to produce an action potential

A

either excitatory or inhibitory

101
Q

positive comes into the cell

A

excitatory

102
Q

negative comes into the cell

A

inhibitory

103
Q

action potential and for a few milliseconds after it is difficult or impossible to stimulate that region of a neuron to fire again
the period of resistance to stimulation
Absolute and relative

A

Refractory period

104
Q

No stimulus of any strength will trigger AP

A

Absolute refractory period

105
Q

only especially strong stimulus will trigger new AP

A

Relative refractory period

106
Q

for communication to occur the nerve signal must travel to what

A

the end of the axon

107
Q

has voltage regulated ion gates along its entire length
diffusion of Na ( incased in Schwann cells )
Action potential from the trigger zone causes Na to enter the axon and diffuse into adjacent regions beneath the membrane
the depolarization excites voltage regulated gates immediately distal to the action potential
Na and K gates open and close producing a new action potential
by repetition the membrane distal to that is excited
chain reaction continues to the end of the axon

A

Unmyelinated fiber

108
Q

cant go both ways in the nerve fiber bc

A

refractory period

109
Q

Voltage- gated channels needed for AP’s
Faster Na diffusion occurs between nodes
salutatory conduction

A

Myelinated

110
Q

nerve signal seems to jump from node to node

A

salutatory conduction

111
Q

A nerve signal can go no further when it reaches the end of the axon ; triggers the releases of a neurotransmitter, stimulates a new wave of electrical activity in the net cell across

A

Synapses

112
Q

First neuron in the signal path is the

releases neurotransmitters

A

Presynaptic neuron

113
Q

Second neuron is the

responds to neurotransmitters

A

Postsynaptic neuron

114
Q

presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

A

Synapse between two neurons

115
Q

lots of vesicles blind into cell membrane & release the

A

neurotransmitters

116
Q

__ may synapse with dendrite, soma, or axon of postsynaptic neuron to form axondendritic, axonaxonic, or axosomatic synapses
10,000 synaptic to as many as 1000,000

A

Presynaptic neuron

117
Q

synthesized by the presynaptic neuron
released in response to stimulation (synaptic cleft)
Bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell
alter the physiology of that cell (excite, inhibit)

A

Neurotransmitters

118
Q

Some excitatory(speed up)
some inhibitory (slow down)
some the effect depends on what kind of receptor the postsynaptic cell has (same; excite& inhibit)
some open ligand regulated ion gates (neither ; just another molecule)
some act through second- messenger systems

A

basic ways neurotransmitters are diverse in their action

119
Q

Acetylcholine (1 type of molecule )
Amino acids ( act as neurotransmitters)
Monoamines ( used to be amino neurotransmitter)
Neuropeptides

A

4 classes of neurotransmitters

120
Q

A given __ does not have the same effect everywhere in the body
Multiple receptor types exist for a particular __
-14 receptor types for serotonin
Receptor governs the effect the __ has on the target cell

A

neurotransmitter

121
Q

hormones, neuropeptides, and other messengers that modify synaptic transmission (release of neurotransmitters)
may stimulate a neuron to install more receptors in the postsynaptic membrane adjusting its sensitivity to the neurotransmitter
May alter the rate of neurotransmitters synthesis, release, reuptake, or breakdown

A

Neuromodulators

122
Q

Then why do we have synapses?

A

to process information, store it, and make decisions

123
Q

the ability of your neurons to process information, store and recall it, and make decisions

A

Neural integration

124
Q

is based on the postsynaptic potentials produced by neurotransmitters

A

Neural integration

125
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV

126
Q

threshold

A

-55 mV

127
Q

Neural integration
excitatory postsynaptic potential
inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

Postsynaptic potentials

128
Q

An voltage change in the direction of threshold that males a neuron more likely to fire
- usually results from Na flowing into the cell canceling some of the negative charge on the inside of the membrane
anything we have it ready adjust RMP by the synaptic knobs

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

129
Q

Any voltage change away from threshold that makes a neuron less likely to fire
neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic cell and makes it more negative than the RMP making it less likely to fire
Produces by neurotransmitters that open ligand regulated chloride gates
- causing inflow of Cl making the cytosol more negative

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

130
Q

all the paths to our memories or anything have to be

A

Exhibitory & promoting

131
Q

the process of adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their net effect
-occurs in the trigger zone

A

summation

132
Q

the balance between EPSP’s and IPSP’s enable the nervous system to

A

make decisions

133
Q

occurs when a single synapse generates EPSP’s so quickly that each is generated before the previous one fades (wave after wave)

A

Temporal summation

134
Q

occurs when EPSP’s from several different synapses add up to threshold at an axon hillock (lets go team)

A

Spatial summation

135
Q

the way in which the nervous system converts information to a meaningful pattern of action potentials

A

Neural coding

136
Q

___ depends upon which neurons fire
easiest way(pressure receptor, etc)
labeled line code

A

Qualitative information

137
Q

each nerve fiber to the brain leads from a receptor that specifically recognizes a particular stimulus type
light for optic nerves
sound from cochlear nerves
(neurons have them labeled that’s how we know where info is coming from)

A

labeled line code

138
Q

information about the intensity of stimulus is encoded in two ways
one depends on the fact that different neurons have different thresholds of excitation
-stronger stimuli causes a more rapid firing rate
-excitement of sensitive, low threshold fibers gives way to excitement of less sensitive, high threshold fibers as intensity of stimuli increases (depends on which neurons are firing depending on how strong or weak the stimuli is)
other way depends on the fact that the more strongly a neuron is stimulated, the more frequently it fires
- CNS can judge stimulus strength from the firing frequency of afferent neurons (frequency 7 which one fires depends on which neuron is stimulated)

A

Quantitative Information

139
Q

neurons function in large groups, each of which consists of million of interneurons concerned with a particular body function
-control rhythm of breathing
-moving limbs rhythmically when walking
(large amount of neurons working together to bring stimulus)

A

Neural pools

140
Q

A neural pool
Going into the brain
one branches into many

A

diverging

141
Q

A neural pool
going out of the brain
many become one

A

converging

142
Q

A neural pool
breathing (lungs)
a line that keeps going back to the beginning (like running suicides)

A

reverberating

143
Q

A neural pool
last a long time (light echo)
many go down a line some go to the left and come back and a few more go to the right and come back

A

Parallel after- discharge

144
Q

Excited skeletal muscle, inhibits cardiac muscle, and excitatory or inhibitory effects on smooth muscle and glands depending on location

A

Acetylcholine(ACh)

145
Q

Glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and GABA are all

A

Amino acids

146
Q

Norepinephrine, epinephrin, and dopamine are all

A

Monoamines (biogenic Amines)

Catecholamines

147
Q

Serotonin, histamine are

A

Other mono amines

148
Q

Substance P, enkephalins, B-endorphin, and cholecystokinin are all

A

Neuron erodes

149
Q

Accounts for about 75% of all excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain, involved in learning and memory

A

Glutamate (glutamic acid)

150
Q

Effects similar to being involved in learning and memory

A

Aspartate

151
Q

Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord

A

Glycine

152
Q

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA (y- aminobutyric acid)

153
Q

Involved in dreaming, waking, and mood; excites cardiac muscle, can excite or inhibit smooth muscle and glands depending on location

A

Nonreinephrine

154
Q

Effects similar to involved in dreams, waking and mood; excites cardiac muscle, can excite or inhibit smooth muscle and glands depending on location

A

Epinephrine

155
Q

Involved in elevation of mood and control of skeletal muscle

A

Dopamine

156
Q

Involved in sleepiness, alertness,thermoregulation,and mood

A

Serotonin

157
Q

Also potent vasodilator released by mast cells of connective tissue and basophils of the blood

A

Histamine

158
Q

Mediates pain transmission

A

substance P

159
Q

Acts as analgesics (pain reliever) by inhibiting substance P, inhibit motility, secretion increased sharply in women in labor

A

Enkephalins

160
Q

Also secretes as a hormone by the pituitary, suppressed pain, reduces perception of fatigue and may produce “runners high” in athletes

A

B-endorphins

161
Q

Suppresses appetite

A

cholecystokinin

162
Q

physical basis of memory is a pathway through the brain called

A

memory trace or engram

163
Q

the ability of synapses to change

A

synaptic plasticity

164
Q

the process of making transmission easier

A

synaptic potentiation

165
Q

kinds of memory

correlate with different modes of synaptic potentiation (depending on)

A

immediate, short, long term

166
Q

the ability to hold something in your thoughts for just a few seconds (for here and now; understanding time moving)

A

Immediate memory

167
Q

lasts from a few seconds to several hours
quickly forgotten if distracted
calling a phone number we just looked up

A

short term memory (STM)

168
Q

facilitation causes memory to last longer

A

tetanic stimulation and posttetanic potentiation

169
Q

rapid arrival of repetitive signals at a synapse

Causes Ca accumulation and postsynaptic cell more likely to fire

A

Tetanic stimulation

170
Q

to jog a memory
effects the Ca levels being high
Ca level in synaptic knob stays elevated
little stimulation needed to recover memory

A

Posttetiation potentiation

171
Q

Types of long term memory

A

Declarative and procedural

172
Q

retention of events that you can put into words

build new synapses &maintain them

A

Declarative

173
Q

retention of motor skills

washing dishes , tying shoes ,etc

A

procedural

174
Q

physical remodeling of synapses

A

new branching of axons or dendrites

175
Q

changes in receptors and other features increase transmission across “experienced” synapses
effect is longer -lasting
repetition will help w this

A

Molecule changes- long term potentiation

176
Q

memory loss for recent events moody combative lose ability to talk walk and eat
show deficiencies of acetylcholine (ACh) and nerve growth factor (NGF)
Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques (protein plaques)
B- amyloid protein (we find surface of neurons) from breakdown product of plasma

A

Alzheimer Disease

177
Q

Progressive loss of motor function beginning in 50’s or 60’s no recovery
Degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons
Pilling rolling motion facial rigidity slurred speech (shaking slow motor movement)
treatment- drugs and physical therapy(dopamine precursor (Ldopa) crosses brain barrier
MAO inhibitor (work on enzymes that break it into dopamine; neutralize enzymes to make sure doesn’t break up neurotransmitter (dopamine))
Surgical technique to relieve tremors (battery pack by clavicle)

A

Parkinson Disease

A&PII Classroom (2 decks)

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