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Mid 2 BIOL 235 > Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Which NERVE potential travels the longer distance in a typical sensation?

A

Nerve action potential

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2
Q

Na/K-ATPase is considered to be an electrogenic pump because

a. it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential.
b. the sodium ions are negatively charged.
c. it exhibits low permeability.
d. it hydrolyzes ADP into ATP.
e. destroys the resting membrane potential.

A

a. it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential.

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3
Q

A depolarizing graded potential

a. makes the membrane more polarized.
b. makes the membrane less polarized.
c. occurs when chioride enters the cytosol.
d. occurs when acetylcholine enters the cytosol.

A

b. makes the membrane less polarized.

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4
Q

These statements describe what part of an action potential?
• Sodium activation gates are closed.
• Sodium inactivation gates are open.
• Potassium gates are open.
• Repolarization is occurring.

a. Latent period
b. Absolute refractory period
c. Relative refractory period
d. depolarizing phase
e. repolarizing phase

A

c. Relative refractory period

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5
Q

Which statement best describes the direction of signal transmission?

a. signals go only from the postsynaptic neuron to presynaptic neuron
b. signals go only from the presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron
c. signals way travel in both directions across a synapse
d. none of these choices

A

b. signals go only from the presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron

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6
Q

Serotonin is an example of a(n).

a. biogenic amine
b. ATP and other Purines
c. catecholamine
d. neuropeptide

A

a. biogenic amine

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7
Q

This type of neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons.

a. Diverging circuit
b. Converging circuit
c. Reverberating circuit
d. Parallel after-discharge circuit
e. Simple series circuit

A

a. Diverging circuit

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8
Q

During an action potential’s absolute refractory period, a second stimulus of sufficient strength will produce another action potential.

True
False

A

False

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9
Q

Gray matter has its distinctive color due to myelination of axons.

True
False

A

False (gray matter contains unmyelinated)

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10
Q

The spinal cord is connected to the brain through the

A

Foramen magnum

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11
Q

Components of the PNS include

A

Nerves and sensory receptors

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12
Q

Most neurons have 3 parts:

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

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13
Q

Cell body contains nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that includes:

A

Lysosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi complex. Contains free ribosomes and Nissl bodies

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14
Q

Nissl bodies are clusters of rough ER that produce proteins used to replace cellular components, material growth of neuron, and regeneration of damaged axons in the PNS

A

True

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15
Q

Dendrite

A

Receiving/input portion of neuron. Carried electrical signals (usually graded potentials) toward cell body.

Non myelinated, short, and have multiple branches

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16
Q

A nerve is a bundle of of hundreds to thousands of___ plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels that lies outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Axons

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17
Q

What’s an axon?

A

Single, long process of a nerve cell that travels a nerve impulse TOWARD axon terminal AWAY from the cell body to effector (muscle or gland). It contains axoplasm (cytoplasm of axon) and is surrounded by plasma membrane (axolemma)

Joins to cell body at axon hillock

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18
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

A

12

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19
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

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20
Q

Sensory receptor

A

Monitors change in external or internal environment (smell receptor, photoreceptor, touch receptor)

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21
Q

The PNS is divided into

A

Sensory and motor divisions

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22
Q

The PNS is divided into

A

Motor and sensory divisions

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23
Q

Sensory (afferent) division of PNS conveys input into the CNS from sensory receptors in the body

A

True

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24
Q

The motor (efferent) division of the PNS conveys output FROM the CNS to effectors (muscle and glands)

A

True

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25
Q

The motor division of the PNS is divided into the:

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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26
Q

The somatic nervous system conveys output from the CNS to ___ . Motor responses are consciously controlled which means its ___

A

Skeletal muscles

Voluntary

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27
Q

The autonomic nervous system conveys output from the CNS to ___, ___, and ____. Motor responses are not consciously controlled meaning it’s ____.

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

Involuntary

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28
Q

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is composed of two main branches called:

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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29
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest

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30
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

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31
Q

A third branch of the autonomic nervous system is the___ which regulates activities of the ___.

A

Enteric nervous system

GI tract (smooth muscle and glands)

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32
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory, integrative, and motor function

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33
Q

Sensory function___, integrative function ___, and motor function___.

A

Detect, process, respond

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34
Q

Two cell types in nervous tissue are:

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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35
Q

Axons are short in the CNS and long in the PNS

A

True

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36
Q

Function of neuroglia

A

Support, nourish, and protect neurons. They also maintain interstitial fluid that baths them

They can divide through an individuals lifetime

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37
Q

A stimulus is any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate an action potential

A

True

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38
Q

Neurons possess ____, the ability to respond to stimulus and convert it into an action potential

A

Electrical excitability

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39
Q

An action potential (nerve impulse) is an electrical signal that travels along the surface of the membrane of a neuron

A

True

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40
Q

An action potential begins and travels due to the movement of ions (such as sodium and potassium) between interstitial fluid and the inside of a neuron through specific ___ in its plasma membrane.

A

Ion channels

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41
Q

Cytoskeleton of a neuron contains neurofibrils, composed of bundles of ___ that provide support and cell shape. It also contains microtubules which assist in moving materials between the ___ and ___

A

Intermediate filaments

Cell body, axon

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42
Q

A collection of neuron cell bodies OUTSIDE of the CNS is called:

A

Ganglion

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43
Q

The axon hillock is a cone shaped elevation that joins

A

The axon to the cell body

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44
Q

The part of the axon closest to the axon hillock is called:

A

Initial segment

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45
Q

Nerve impulses are generated at the junction of the axon hillock and initial segment in this area

A

Trigger zone

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46
Q

Side branches typically at a 90 degree angle on right side of the axon is called:

A

Axon collateral

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47
Q

Axon terminal

A

Many fine branches of an axon where synaptic vesicles undergo exocytosis to release neurotransmitter molecules

48
Q

The site of communication between two neurons or between neuron and effector is called:

A

Synapse

49
Q

Neurotransmitters is released from synaptic vesicle and ___ or ___ another neuron, muscle fibre, or gland

A

Excites or inhibits

50
Q

Nerve cell fibers are

a. axons
b. dendrites
c. both axons and dendrites
d. Nissl bodies

A

c. both axons and dendrites

51
Q

Which of the following ions pass through the resting neuronal cell membrane most easily?

a. sodium
b. calcium
c. potassium
d. phosphate

A

c. potassium

52
Q

The cells within the nervous system that fill spaces and support neurons are collectively called

a. endothelia
b. Schwann cells
c. neuroglia
d. ependyma

A

c. neuroglia

53
Q

During the absolute refractory period

a. protein anions are leaving the neuron
b. a high intensity stimulus can generate a new action potential
c. neurotransmitters are being secreted
d. Na channels are inactivated

A

d. Na channels are inactivated

54
Q

The Nissl bodies function in

a. protein production
b. Cat+ storage
c. insulation
d. Schwann cell production

A

a. protein production

55
Q

Retinal neurons are classified as

a. multipolar
b. unipolar
c. bipolar
d. pseudounipolar

A

c. bipolar

56
Q

When threshold of a neuron is reached, ___ is produced

a. a summation
b. an action potential
c. a resting potential
d. a graded potential

A

b. an action potential

57
Q

In myelinated nerves, the

a. action potential occurs at a neurolemmocyte
b. action potential occurs at each neurofibril node (node of Ranvier)
c. action potential moves like a continuous wave across the cell membrane
d. threshold is lower than in unmvelinated nerves

A

b. action potential occurs at each neurofibril node (node of Ranvier)

58
Q

The autonomic nervous system is part of the

a. PNS
b. SNS
c. CNS
d. All of these

A

a. PNS

59
Q

Which type of neuroglial cells is found supporting neuronal cell bodies within ganglia?

a. astrocytes
b. satellite cells
c. ependymal cells
d. microglia

A

b. satellite cells

60
Q

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear

a. white
b. gray
c. brown
d. transparent

A

a. white

61
Q
  1. Synaptic vesicles are found within the)

a. Schwann cells
b. axon hillock
c. Nissl bodies
d. synaptic end-bulbs

A

d. synaptic end-bulbs

62
Q

A resting nerve fiber is polarized because the concentration of

a. Na and K+ ions is higher on the inside of the cell membrane
b. Na and K+ ions is higher outside the cell membrane
c. Na is higher on the inside and K+ is higher on the outside
d. Na is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside

A

d. Na is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside

63
Q

Saltatory conduction

a. occurs only on unmyelinated fibers
b. occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking
c. occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous
d. occurs only on myelinated fibers

A

d. occurs only on myelinated fibers

64
Q

Sensory impulses are carried to the central nervous system by

a. afferent neurons
b. efferent neurons
c. motor neurons
d. interneurons

A

a. afferent neurons

65
Q

During depolarization of a neuron

a. Na and K+ both move out of the cell b. Na and K+ both move into the cell
c. Na moves into the cell
d. K+ moves out of the cell

A

c. Na moves into the cell

66
Q

Autonomic nerve fibers that originate within the central nervous system and innervate the visceral organs are classified as

a. somatic sensory nerves
b. somatic motor nerves
c. visceral sensory nerves
d. visceral motor nerves

A

d. visceral motor nerves

67
Q

Which of the following cells are ciliated and function to move CSF?

a. astrocytes
b. satellite cells
c. ependymal cells
d. microglia

A

c. ependymal cells

68
Q

The dendrites of a neuron

a. conduct impulses toward the cell body
b. secrete neurotransmitters
c. conduct impulses away from the cell body
d. do not carry impulses, only axons do

A

a. conduct impulses toward the cell body

69
Q

Which of the following is not a function of glial cells?

a. produce myelin sheath
b. participate in metabolism of neurotransmitters
c. generate action potentials
d. give support to neurons

A

c. generate action potentials

70
Q

Which of the following is true of unipolar neurons?

a. All are efferent
b. All are afferent
c. They have several dendrites and one axon
d. They have several axons and only one dendrite

A

b. All are afferent

71
Q

The generation of an action potential is an electrochemical event. The electrical portion
occurs

a. within the neuron
b. only in nerves with neurolemma
c. within the myelin sheath
d. in microglia

A

a. within the neuron

72
Q

Which of the following is associated with ganglia?

a. oligodendrocyte
b. ependymal cell
c. satellite cell
d. Schwann cell

A

c. satellite cell

73
Q

Which of the following is made up in part of neuron cell bodies?

a. node of Ranvier
b. Schwann cell
c. myelin
d. gray matter

A

d. gray matter

74
Q

Which of the following occurs as the resting potential is reestablished?

a. Nat enters the cell
b. repolarization
c. K+ enters the cell
d. depolarization

A

b. repolarization

75
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of unmyelinated fibers?

a. A fibers
b. continuous conduction
c. Schwann cells
d. saltatory conduction

A

b. continuous conduction

76
Q

The phagocytic cells of the central nervous system are called

a. astrocytes
b. microglia
c. collaterals
d. Nissl cells

A

b. microglia

77
Q

Which ions are rapidly moving into the cell during the depolarization period of an action potential?

a. sodium
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. chloride

A

a. sodium

78
Q

Axons of the general visceral efferent neurons that extend to autonomic ganglia are

a. A fibers
b. B fibers
c. C fibers
d. D fibers

A

b. B fibers

79
Q

At a synapse, the neuron sending the signal is called the

a. presynaptic
b. postsynaptic
c. axodendritic
d. axoaxonic

A

a. presynaptic

80
Q

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential causes

a. depolarization
b. repolarization
c. EPSPs
d. hyperpolarization

A

d. hyperpolarization

81
Q

If the sum of all excitatory effects is greater than all inhibitory effects on a postsynaptic neuron but threshold is not reached, then the response is

a. an IPSP
b. an action potential
c. an EPSP
d. no change in the membrane potential

A

c. an EPSP

82
Q

In the brain, this surrounds the white matter

a. dendrites
b. gray matter
c. ganglia
d. neuron

A

b. gray matter

83
Q

In the spinal cord, this surrounds the gray matter

a. white matter
b. Nissl bodies
c. axon terminal
d. neurons

A

a. white matter

84
Q

Which type of CNS neuroglia are the most similar in appearance?

A

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

85
Q

Pyramidal cells are found in the cerebral cortex of the brain while purkinje cells are found in the

A

cerebellum

86
Q

The cerebellum and cerebrum are covered by

A

Thin layer of gray matter

87
Q

What makes up gray matter?

A

Unmyelinated axons and dendrites

88
Q

What gives gray matter its gray colour?

A

Nissl bodies

89
Q

What gives white matter its white colour?

A

Myelin

90
Q

Which part of the neuron would Nissl bodies be found?

A

Soma (cell body)

91
Q

What happens if an injury to the oligodendrocyte happens?

A

Slower rate of action potential transmission in a neuron

(These cells form and maintain myelin sheath around CNS axons)

92
Q

Integration of information from sensory neurons can happen in

A

The brain

93
Q

Blood vessels are present in both white and gray matter

A

True

94
Q

Structural classifications of neuron are based on the number of___ extending from cell body

A

Processes

95
Q

Structural classification of neuron

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

96
Q

Multipolar neuron

A
  • SEVEREAL dendrites, one axon
  • all motor neurons are this type
  • mostly found in the brain and spinal cord
97
Q

Bipolar neuron

A
  • ONE main dendrite, one axon
  • found in retina, inner ear, and olfactory area of brain
98
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

-have dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from cell body
-begin in embryo as bipolar neurons
-most function as sensory receptors
-located mostly in ganglia of spine/cranial nerves

99
Q

Functional classifications of neurons

A

Sensory, motor, and interneurons

100
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons

A

-Contain sensory receptors at distal ends (dendrites) or are located just after sensory receptors that are separate cells
-Once stimulus activates sensory receptor the sensory neuron forms and action potential in its axons and the action potential is conveyed into the CNS through cranial or spinal nerves. Most are unipolar.

101
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Most are unipolar, contain sensory receptors at dendrites (distal ends).

Action potential is generated in axon and is converted INTO the CNS through cranial or spinal nerves

102
Q

Motor neurons (efferent)

A

Multipolar, convey action potentials AWAY from the CNS to effectors (muscle/glands) in the PNS through cranial or spinal nerves

103
Q

Interneurons (association)

A

Multipolar, located in CNS (mostly) between sensory and motor neurons

Process incoming sensory information and elicit motor response by activating appropriate motor neurons.

104
Q

Neuroglia can be classified by

A

Size, cytoplasmic process, and intracellular organization

105
Q

6 types of neuroglia

A

4 in the CNS = Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial, ependymal

2 in the PNS = Schwann and satellite cells

106
Q

Slow and fast axonal transport systems for conveying materials to and from the cell body and axon terminals

A

True

107
Q

What are the 2 types of neuroglia that produce myelin sheaths for axons?

A

Oligodendrocytes = CNS

Schwann cells = PNS

108
Q

Hyperpolorizing graded potential makes membrane potential ___ negative

A

MORE

109
Q

Depolarizing graded potential makes membrane potential ___ negative.

A

LESS

110
Q

Function of Astrocytes

A

Secrete chemicals that maintain selective permeability characteristics of endothelial cells of capillaries (blood brain barrier).

111
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes

A

Form and maintain myelin sheath around CNS axons

112
Q

Function of microglial cells

A

They remove cellular debris and phagocytize microbes and damaged nervous tissue.

They appear like slender processes with spine like projections.

113
Q

Function of Ependymal cells

A

Produce, moniter, and assist with circulation of CSF

Line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord spaces to protect and nourish brain and spinal cord.

114
Q

Function of Schwann cell

A

Form myelin sheath around a SINGLE axon in PNS

Participate in axon regeneration

115
Q

Function of satellite cells

A

Regulate exchange of material between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid

Flat, surround cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia

Mid 2 BIOL 235 (2 decks)

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