Chapter 12: Liquids & Solids Flashcards

1
Q

Intermolecular forces

A

attractive forces that hold particles together in the condensed phases

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2
Q

The magnitude (and type) of intermolecular forces is what determines…

A

Phase

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3
Q

Surface tension

A

the amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area

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4
Q

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the ______ the surface tension.

A

higher

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5
Q

Capillary action

A

the movement of a liquid up a narrow tube

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6
Q

The two types of forces bring about capillary action

A

Cohesion & adhesion

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7
Q

Cohesion

A

the attraction between like molecules

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8
Q

Adhesion

A

the attraction between unlike molecules

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9
Q

Viscosity

A

a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

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10
Q

The higher the viscosity the more ____ a liquid flows

A

slowly

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11
Q

Liquids that have higher intermolecular forces have _____ viscosities.

A

higher

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12
Q

If a molecule at the surface of a liquid has enough kinetic energy, it can escape to the gas phase in a process called:

A

Vaporization

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13
Q

The vapor pressure increases until

A

the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation.

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14
Q

When the forward process and reverse process are occurring at the same rate, the system is in

A

dynamic equilibrium

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15
Q

The vapor pressure increases with

A

Temperature

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16
Q

The Clausius–Clapeyron equation relates

A

the natural log of vapor pressure and the reciprocal of absolute temperature

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17
Q

Boiling point

A

the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the external atmospheric pressure

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18
Q

Boiling point varies with (2 things):

A
  1. external pressure

2. the magnitude of intermolecular forces

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19
Q

Melting Point

A

the temperature at which the energies of the individual particles enable them to break free of their fixed positions.

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20
Q

Amorphous solids

A

lack a regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms.

example: glass

21
Q

crystalline solid

A

possess rigid and long-range order; its atoms, molecules, or ions occupy specific positions.

22
Q

the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid

23
Q

coordination number

A

the number of atoms surrounding an atom in a crystal lattice; indicates how tightly the atoms are packed together

24
Q

The basic repeating unit in the array of atoms is called a

A

simple cubic cell

25
body-centered cubic cell
the spheres in each layer rest in the depressions between spheres in the previous layer (CN=8)
26
face-centered cubic cell (f c c), the coordination number is
12
27
A simple cubic cell has the equivalent of
only one complete atom contained within the cell.
28
A body-centered cubic cell has
two equivalent atoms
29
A face-centered cubic cell contains
four complete atoms
30
Ionic crystals
composed of charged ions that are held together by Coulombic attraction.
31
The unit cell of an ionic compound can be defined by either:
the positions of the anions or the positions of the cations.
32
In covalent crystals, atoms are held together in
an extensive three-dimensional network entirely by covalent bonds.
33
In molecular crystals, the lattice points are occupied by ______; the attractive forces between them are __________ and/or __________.
molecules | van der Waals forces and/or hydrogen bonding
34
metallic crystals
every lattice point is occupied by an atom of the same metal
35
Large cohesive force resulting from _____ makes metals strong
Delocolization
36
Delocalized electrons make metals good _____
conductors
37
phase
a homogeneous part of a system that is separated from the rest of the system by a well defined boundary
38
phase change
When a substance goes from one phase to another phase
39
molar heat of vaporization (ΔHvap )
the amount of heat required to vaporize a mole of substance at its boiling point
40
critical temperature
the temperature above which its gas cannot be liquified
41
critical pressure
the minimum pressure that must be applied to liquefy a substance at its critical temperature
42
fusion
melting
43
melting point (freezing point) of a solid (or liquid)
the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases coexist in equilibrium.
44
molar heat of fusion (ΔHfus )
the energy required to melt 1 mol of a solid.
45
Sublimation
the process by which molecules go directly from the solid phase to the vapor phase.
46
Deposition
the reverse process of sublimation
47
molar enthalpy of sublimation (ΔHsub)
the energy required to sublime 1 mole of a solid.
48
phase diagram
summarizes the conditions at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas
49
triple point
the only combination of pressure and temperature where three phases of a substance exist in equilibrium.