chapter 12 Life in the ocean

Question 1

living things can

Answer 1

capture, store, transmit energy, and reproduce

Question 2

photosyntheses

Answer 2

certain bacteria, algae, & green plants use sunlight to create glucose (releases oxygen)

Question 3

chemosynthesis

Answer 3

some bacteria and archaea use chemical energy to create glucose

Question 4

Primary productivity

Answer 4

Synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic ones

Through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Question 5

Trophic pyramid

Answer 5

shows feeding relationship

Question 6

autotrophs

Answer 6

organisims make their own food with photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

Question 7

heterotrophs

Answer 7

get food from other organisms (can not make their own food)

Question 8

Primary producer

Answer 8

can use energy rich chemicals to produce their own food (Autotrophs) bottom of tropic pyramid
(photoplankton)

Question 9

primary consumers

Answer 9

Heterotrophs that eat autotrophs (primary producers) concumer of primary producers (zooplankton)

Question 10

secondary consumers

Answer 10

heterotrophs that consume primary producers or other secondary consumers (larve and smaller fish)

Question 11

top consumers

Answer 11

consume primary sonsumers heterotrophs at top usually carnivores

Question 12

food web

Answer 12

Group of organisms linked by complex feeding relationships Almost always have feeding choices

Question 13

Limiting factor

Answer 13

Physical or biological factor that limits normal

action of organisms

Question 14

photic zone

Answer 14

uppermost layer of sea water where light is present

Question 15

aphotic zone

Answer 15

benieth photic zone no light

Question 16

euphotic zone

Answer 16

Upperpartofphoticzone with enough light for photosynthesis

Question 17

Ectothermic

organisms

Answer 17

internal temperature equals external temp (cold blooded)

Question 18

endothermic organisms

Answer 18

stable, hight internal temperature (warm blooded)

Question 19

plagic zone

Answer 19

oceans open water including neritic and oceanic zone

Question 20

neritic zone

Answer 20

water over continental shel and near shore

Question 21

oceanic zone

Answer 21

deep water beyond continental shelf

Question 22

littural zone

Answer 22

Above low tide, below
high tide (intertidal)
coast covered by tidal action

Question 23

natural selection

Answer 23

how life survives, only life adapted to survive and reproduce in their environment.
By Charles Darwin
More offspring are produced in a group than can survive
Random variations in traits occur in all populations
Some traits are inherited
Some inherited traits increase odds of survival
Survival increases odds of passing favorable traits on
The environment determines which traits are favorable
If environment changes, traits that are favorable change

Question 24

adaptation

Answer 24

inherited structural or behavioral modification that provide an advantage in a given environment

Question 25

How are traits inherited?

Answer 25

Mendel’s inheritance experiments: physical
traits are inherited in specific units called gene
What is source of variations?
1. Recombining genetic material during sexual reproduction
2. Genetic mutations in DNA of sex cells
Variations may be benign, harmful, or beneficial
Natural selection then acts on beneficial variations

Question 26

domains

Answer 26

Bacteria (Prokaryotes -no nucleus)
Archaea (Prokaryotes -no nucleus)
Eukarya (with nucleus)

Question 27

Kingdom Animalia

Answer 27

Multicellular heterotrophs

Question 28

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera:

Answer 28

ex sea sponges (benthic)

Vase-like structure with pores

Question 29

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnideria:

Answer 29

Possess cnidoblasts

take two forms polyp and medusa

Question 30

Kingdom Animalia>Phylum Cnideria>polyp

Answer 30

type of Cnideria: of animalia kingdom
ex Sea anemones—no
exoskeleton (benthic)
ex Coral—calcareous exoskeleton (benthic)

Question 31

cephalopod

Answer 31

cnideria contains stinging capsule threads in capsule help capture prey (food) and defend ageist predators.

Question 32

cindioblasys

Answer 32

molluscan class including squid, octopus

Question 33

Linnaean taxonomy:

Answer 33

Linnaean taxonomy:
By Carolus Linnaeus, 1755
Hierarchy based on common traits
Reflects common underlying natural origin (evolutionary relations)

Question 34

Kingdom Animalia>Phylum Cnideria>Medusa

Answer 34

type of Cnideria: of animalia kingdom

Jellyfish (pelagic)

Question 35

Kingdom Animalia>Phylum Mollusca

Answer 35

• Soft-bodied unsegmented animals
• Chitons(benthic)
• Gastropods:snails (benthic)
• Bivalves:clams,etc. (benthic)
• Cephalopods:Octopuses (benthic) Squid & chambered nautilus (pelagic)

Question 36

Kingdom Animalia>Phylum Arthropoda:

Answer 36

• Animals with jointed appendages and segmented bodies and exoskeleton.
• EX Crustaceans: Crabs, Shrimp and Barnacles (benthic)

Question 37

Kingdom Animalia>Phylum Echinodermata:

Answer 37

• Spiny-skinned, Benthic, animals with radial symmetry
• Sea stars & brittle stars
• Sea urchins
• Sea cucumbers
• Sand dollars

Question 38

Kingdom Animalia>Phylum Chordata:

Answer 38

• Spinal nerve chord
• Subphylum Vertebrates:
    Segmented backbone
    Sharks, skates, rays (pelagic)
    Fish (pelagic & benthic)
    Amphibians (pelagic)         
    Reptiles (pelagic) 
    Birds (pelagic)
    Mammals (pelagic)

Question 39

Community:

Answer 39

Populations of organisms interacting in a given area

Question 40

population:

Answer 40

Group of organisms of same species occupying a given area

Question 41

Habitat:

Answer 41

Physical environment of a species

Question 42

Niche:

Answer 42

• How an organism makes its living

* Relationship to food & enemies

Question 43

Climax community:

Answer 43

Stable, long- established community

Question 44

Succession:

Answer 44

Orderly changes in a community’s species after major disruption

Question 45

Mass extinction:

Answer 45

When large number of
species die off
simultaneously