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Biology: A Level > Chapter 12: Energy And Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Energy And Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolic

A

A chemical reaction in which small molecules are built up into larger ones

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2
Q

A chemical reaction in which small molecules are built up into larger ones

A

Anabolic

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3
Q

Respiration

A

The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds in living cells

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4
Q

The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds in living cells

A

Respiration

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5
Q

Substrate-linked reaction

A

In the context of ATP formation, the transfer of phosphate from a substrate molecule directly to ADP to produce ATP, using energy provided directly by another chemical reaction

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6
Q

In the context of ATP formation, the transfer of phosphate from a substrate molecule directly to ADP to produce ATP, using energy provided directly by another chemical reaction

A

Substrate-linked reaction

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7
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The synthesis of ATP using energy released by the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient, across a membrane in a mitochondrial or chloroplast

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8
Q

The synthesis of ATP using energy released by the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient, across a membrane in a mitochondrial or chloroplast

A

Chemiosmosis

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9
Q

What are the stages of glucose breakdown?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. The link reaction
  3. The Krebs cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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10
Q

What is the most common respiratory substrate? How is it used in respiration?

A

Glucose. It is broken down in a series of stages to synthesize ATP.

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11
Q

Glycolysis

A

The splitting (lysis) of glucose; the first stage in aerobic respiration

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12
Q

The splitting (lysis) of glucose; the first stage in aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis

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13
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

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14
Q

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

A

Phosphorylation

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15
Q

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

A

A hydrogen carrier used in respiration

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16
Q

A hydrogen carrier used in respiration

A

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

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17
Q

Oxidation

A

The addition of oxygen, or the removal of hydrogen or electrons from a substance

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18
Q

The addition of oxygen, or the removal of hydrogen or electrons from a substance

A

Oxidation

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19
Q

Reduction

A

The removal of oxygen, or the addition of hydrogen or electrons to a substance

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20
Q

The removal of oxygen, or the addition of hydrogen or electrons to a substance

A

Reduction

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21
Q

Where do the stages of respiration occur?

A

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, and the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation takes place inside mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration involves other pathways that take place in the cytoplasm.

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22
Q

Decarboxylation

A

The removal of carbon dioxide

23
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

The removal of hydrogen

24
Q

Coenzyme A (CoA)

A

A molecule that supplies acetyl groups required for the link reaction

25
A molecule that supplies acetyl groups required for the link reaction
Coenzyme A (CoA)
26
Acetyl coenzyme A
A molecule made up of CoA and a 2C acetyl group, important in the link reaction
27
A molecule made up of CoA and a 2C acetyl group, important in the link reaction
Acetyl coenzyme A
28
Link reaction
Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation of pyruvate, resulting in the formation of acetyl coenzyme A, linking glycolysis with the Krebs cycle.
29
Krebs cycle
A cycle of reactions in aerobic respiration in the matrix of a mitochondrion in which hydrogens pass to hydrogen carriers for subsequent ATP synthesis and some ATP is synthesized directly; also known as the citric acid cycle
30
What is a coenzyme?
A molecule that is needed for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, though it does not take part in the reaction itself.
31
Oxidative phosphorylation
The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi using energy from oxidation reactions in aerobic respiration
32
The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi using energy from oxidation reactions in aerobic respiration
Oxidative phosphorylation
33
Electron transport chain
A chain of adjacently arranged carrier molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane, along which electrons pass in redox reactions.
34
A chain of adjacently arranged carrier molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane, along which electrons pass in redox reactions.
Electron transport chain
35
Redox reactions
A chemical reaction in which one substance is reduced and another is oxidized
36
A chemical reaction in which one substance is reduced and another is oxidized
Redox reaction
37
ATP synthase
The enzyme that catalyses the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP
38
The enzyme that catalyses the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP
ATP synthase
39
Anaerobic
Without oxygen
40
Without oxygen
Anaerobic
41
Ethanol fermentation
Anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converter to ethanol
42
Anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converter to ethanol
Ethanol fermentation
43
Lactate fermentation
Anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converted to lactate
44
Anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converted to lactate
Lactate fermentation
45
Aerenchyma
Plant tissue containing air spaces
46
Plant tissue containing air spaces
Aerenchyma
47
Respiratory quotient (RQ)
The ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced to the volume of oxygen used
48
The ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced to the volume of oxygen used
Respiratory quotient
49
Respirometer
A piece of apparatus that can be used to measure the rate of oxygen uptake by respiring organisms
50
A piece of apparatus that can be used to measure the rate of oxygen uptake by respiring organisms
Respirometer
51
Redox indicator
A substance that changes colour when it is oxidized or reduced
52
A substance that changes colour when it is oxidized or reduced
Redox indicator
53
What is the formula for respiratory quotient?
Volume of carbon dioxide given out / volume of oxygen taken in

Biology: A Level (9 decks)

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