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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Chapter 12: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

consists of only brain/spinal cord tissues

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2
Q

Cephalic

A

relating to head or cranium

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3
Q

Cephalization

A

concentration of neural/sensory organs towards body’s anterior end (cranial); highest level reached in human brain

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4
Q

Brain appearance

A

accumulation of wrinkled, pinkish-gray tissue

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5
Q

Brain weight

A

1,450-1,600g (3.1-3.5 lbs) ~2% of total body weight

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6
Q

Brain size

A

body mass determines brain size

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7
Q

Brain surface anatomy

A
  1. cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
  2. Cerebellum
  3. brain stem
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8
Q

Neural Tube ~ 4 weeks

A
  1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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9
Q

Posterior end of neural tube

A

becomes spinal cord; exits through foramen magnum

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10
Q

Prosencephalon (forebrain) secondary vesicles

A
  1. telencephalon

2. diencephalon

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11
Q

Mesencephalon (midbrain) secondary vesicle

A

Mesencephalon

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12
Q

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) secondary vesicles

A
  1. Metencephalon

2. Myelencephalon

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13
Q

Telencephalon adult structure

A

Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

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14
Q

Diencephalon adult structure

A

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus) retina

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15
Q

Mesencephalon adult structure

A

Brain stem: midbrain

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16
Q

Metencephalon adult structure

A
  1. Brain stem: pons

2. Cerebellum

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17
Q

Myelencephalon adult structure

A

Brain stem: medulla oblongata

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18
Q

Midbrain/Cervical flexures

A

cause cerebral hemisphere to grow posteriorly & laterally at same time (horse-shoe shaped patter)

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19
Q

Basic CNS pattern

A

gray-white (internal to external)

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20
Q

Spinal cord pattern

A

gray-white

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21
Q

Brain stem pattern

A

gray-white

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22
Q

Cerebrum/Cerebellum pattern

A

gray-white-gray (additional outer gray matter is cortex)

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23
Q

lateral ventricles

A

paired C-shaped cerebral structures

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24
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

a thin membrane that medially separates the lateral ventricles

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25
Q

third ventricle

A

middle ventricle located in diencephalon

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26
Q

cerebral aquaduct

A

connects third and fourth ventricle

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27
Q

fourth ventricle

A

hindbrain location being dorsal to pons

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28
Q

lateral/median apertures

A

allow CSF to move into external spaces of brain/spinal cord

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29
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

paired superior brain structures (83% of total brain mass)

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30
Q

Gyrus

A

elevated ridge-like area (top of convolution)

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31
Q

Sulcus

A

shallow groove located between adjacent gyri

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32
Q

Fissure

A

deep groove separating large brain areas

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33
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates L/R cerebral hemispheres

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34
Q

Transverse cerebral fissure

A

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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35
Q

Cortex

A
  • superficial gray matter area w/ cognitive function

- nerve cell bodies, nonmylenated fibers, glial cells

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36
Q

white matter of cerebrum

A

subcortical area, allows communication between cerebrum & other CNS structures

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37
Q

basal nuclei

A
  • organized subcortical gray matter areas w/ roles in motor control, attention, cognition
  • centers of activity lying deep within cerebral white matter
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38
Q

central sulcus

A

separates frontal/parietal lobes

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39
Q

precentral/postcentral gyri

A

border central sulcus

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40
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates parietal/occipital lobes

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41
Q

lateral sulcus

A

separates temporal from parietal/frontal lobes

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42
Q

Insula

A

internal brain lobe, located deep to lateral sulcus

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43
Q

Frontal lobe

A

higher brain functions (good vs. bad actions)

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44
Q

Parietal lobe

A

integrates sensory information (smell & taste)

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45
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory processing/long-term memory

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46
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual processing (color discrimination)

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47
Q

Insula

A

emotion, homeostasis regulation, gustation (taste)

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48
Q

Cerebral cortex location

A
  • superficial to cortical white matter

- 40% brain mass

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49
Q

Cerebral cortex structure

A
  • 6 layers of gray matter including cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, blood vessels
  • all neurons are interneurons
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50
Q

Cerebral cortex function

A
  • area of conscious mind (self-awareness), non-emotional cognitive brain area
  • enables memory, perception, reasoning, judgement, sensation, also communication, voluntary movements
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51
Q

Primary motor cortex

A
  • conscious control of skilled/precise motor movements, located in pre-central gyrus
  • houses long pyramidal cell tracts extending to spinal cord
52
Q

Premotor cortex

A

helps plan complex (skilled) movements

53
Q

Broca’s area

A

controls speech production (muscles)

54
Q

frontal eye field

A

controls voluntary eye movements

55
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

receives input from skin, skeletal, joint receptors (spatial discrimination area)

56
Q

gustatory/visual/auditory/vestibular cortexes

A

special senses input regions

57
Q

visceral sensory area

A

conscious perception of visceral condition (indigestion, full stomach)

58
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

involved in language development/speech comprehension

59
Q

Multimodal association areas

A

integrates information from several sensory origins/sends output to many motor areas

60
Q

anterior association areas

A

processes high-level, complex information (intellect, learning, recall, personality, judgement)

61
Q

posterior association areas

A

pattern/face recognition

62
Q

limbic association areas

A

stores emotional impact of important events

63
Q

lateralization

A

hemispheres are not always equal in function, one side specializes in a particular task (“handles it”)

64
Q

left hemisphere

A

greater language abilities, math, logic skills

65
Q

right hemisphere

A

greater visual-spatial, emotion, artistic skills

66
Q

contralateral function

A

sensory & motor functions are controlled by opposite cerebral hemispheres

67
Q

cerebral dominance

A

tendency of one hemisphere to exercise more control over certain functions like language & handedness

68
Q

cerebral white matter

A

deep to cortical gray matter, contains several fiber tracts (bundles) allowing upper/lower CNS communication

69
Q

association fibers

A

connects different areas of same hemispheres

70
Q

commissural fibers

A

connect same area of different hemispheres, allows them to communicate and act as a whole

71
Q

corpus callosum

A

wide, flat budle of commissural fibers

72
Q

projection fibers

A
  • long sensory/motor fibers uniting cortex w/ lower brain/spinal cord
  • terminate in cerebral cortex, fans out as corona radiata fibers
73
Q

Cerebral Basal Nuclei

A
  • organized groups of subcortical gray matter located deep inside white matter of each cerebral hemisphere
  • caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
74
Q

Cerebral basal nuclei fuctions

A
  • receives input from cerebral cortex & other nuclei
  • filers out incorrect/inappropriate responses
  • starts, stops, monitors movement intensity
75
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • central forebrain core surrounded by cerebrum

- collectively encloses 3rd ventricle

76
Q

Diencephalon composed of:

A

three paired gray matter structures:

  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. epithalamus
77
Q

Thalamus location

A

deep, hidden brain region, 80% diencephalon

78
Q

Thalamus structure

A

paired, egg-shaped masses of gray matter nuclei groups, communicates directly w/ cerebral cortex

79
Q

Thalamus function

A
  1. receives all afferent (sensory) impulses
  2. relates info to cerebral cortex (sorts/edits info w/ similar function sending to cerebral cortex as group)
  3. mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, memory
80
Q

Hypothalamus location

A

directly inferior to thalamus

81
Q

Hypothalamus structure

A
  • composed of several small nuclei of varying function

- includes mammillary bodes, infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

82
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A
  1. MAIN body visceral (autonomic) control center
  2. regulates bp, heartbeat rate/force, digestive tract motility, breathing rate/depth, other visceral activities
  3. emotional response center, body temperature regulation, food intake, water balance/thirst, sleep/wake cycles
83
Q

Epithalamus location

A

most dorsal part of diencephalon, situated above/behind thalamus

84
Q

Epithalamus structure

A

contains pineal gland

85
Q

Epithalamus function

A
  • pineal glad produces melatonin, a hormone involved in sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, mood
  • pineal gland interacts with hypothalamus
86
Q

Brain stem regions

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
87
Q

Brain stem characteristics

A
  • 2.5% of brain mass
  • similar pattern to spinal cord, but w/ embedded nuclei
  • controls autonomic behaviors necessary for survival
  • pathway for fiber tracts between lower/higher brain centers
  • embedded nuclei are associated w/ 10 of 12 cranial nerve pairs
88
Q

Midbrain location

A

lies between diencephalon and pons

89
Q

Cerebral penduncles (midbrain)

A

two bulging ventral structures involved in limb movement (motor), superior tracts connect to cerebellum

90
Q

Crus cerebri (midbrain)

A

descending pyramidal motor (corticospinal) tract

91
Q

Cerebral aquaduct (midbrain)

A

hollow tube connecting 3rd/4th ventricles

92
Q

Nuclei (midbrain)

A
  • corpora quadrigemina (2 superior + 2 inferior colliculi), red nucleus, substantia nigra
  • motor coordination, reward, addiction limb/eye movement, reflexes
93
Q

Pons Location

A
  • bulges ventrally, lies between midbrain and medulla oblongata
  • mostly conduction tracts running in two directions
94
Q

Pons structure/functions

A
  • deep projection fibers of pyramidal tract unite higher brain centers w/ spinal cord
  • superficial ventral fibers from pontine nuclei coordinate motor activity between 1. pons and cerebellum, 2. cerebral motor cortex and cerebellum
  • origin of 3 cranial nerves
95
Q

Medulla Oblongata location

A

most inferior part of brain stem, transitions to spinal cord

96
Q

Medulla Oblongata structure/function

A
  • 4th ventricle location, choroid plexus situated on dorsal wall
  • decussation of pyramids
  • olives: oval swellings, sends sensory info to cerebellum
  • contains visceral motor control areas (cardiovascular/respiratory)
97
Q

Cerebellum location

A

dorsal to pons and medulla, 11% brain mass

98
Q

vermis (cerebellum)

A

medial worm-like structure connecting hemispheres

99
Q

hemispheres (cerebellum)

A

two bilaterally symmetrical structures separated into 3 lobes (anterior, posterior, flocculonular) by deep fissures

100
Q

folia (cerebellum)

A

transversely oriented pleat-like gyri of gray matter cortex

101
Q

arbor vitae (cerebellum)

A

tree-like patter of central white matter

102
Q

Purkinje cells (cerebellum)

A

large cortical neurons w/ many dendritic branches, major role in controlling motor movement

103
Q

cerebellar punducles

A

connects cerebellum to brain stem

104
Q

Cerebellum functions

A
  1. provides precise timing/correct muscle contraction pattern
  2. plays role in cognition (word assocation, puzzle solving)
  3. ensures proper balance/posture
    * All activities occur subconsciously
105
Q

Limbic system

A
  • situated around thalamus
  • composed of amygdala, fornix, cingulate gyrus
  • controls emotional response, memory formation
106
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • located in brain stem
  • made up of raphe nuclei, medial nuclei group, lateral nuclei group
  • involved in regulating cerebral cortex sensory input, cortical arousal, control of motor behavior
107
Q

Brain protection mechanisms

A
  1. bone-prevent/reduce traumatic injury
  2. meninges-connective tissue membrane barriers
  3. cerebrospinal fluid-support
  4. blood-brain barrier-cellular/metabolic barrier altering brain capillary permeability
108
Q

Meninges location

A

lie between skull & cerebral gray matter

109
Q

meninges structure

A
  • 3 successive connective tissue membranes lying external to both brain/spinal cord
  • dura, arachnoid, pia maters
110
Q

meninges functions

A
  1. cover/protect CNS
  2. protect blood vessels/enclose venous sinuses
  3. contain CSF
    forms partitions within skull
111
Q

Dura mater

A

-outer menix tough fibrous connective tissue

112
Q

periosteal dura

A

oriented outward towards skull bone

113
Q

meningeal dura

A

oriented inward towards arachnoid mater

114
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A

venous blood channels created by a separation of dural/periosteal/meningeal layers

115
Q

superior sagittal sinus (dura mater)

A

open venous blood collection area, returns blood to internal jugular veins

116
Q

Subdural space

A

narrow space between dura mater & arachnoid membrane (site of subdural hematoma)

117
Q

dural septa

A

protective dura mater membranes extending inward to separate cerebral hemispheres/cerebellar lobes

118
Q

falx cerebri (dural septa)

A

dips into longitudinal fissure

119
Q

tentorium cerebelli (dural septa)

A

extends into cerebellar transverse fissure

120
Q

falx cerebelli (dural septa)

A

runs along cerebellum vermis (midline)

121
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

middle menix composed of loose connective tissue

122
Q

subarachnoid space

A
  • wide area beneath arachnoid mater and above pia mater filled with CSF
  • follows contours of gyri/fissures but doesnt extend into sulci
  • spider-like connective tissue filaments are embedded in underlying pia mater, blood vessels weave through this space
123
Q

arachnoid villi

A
  • finger-like projections of arachnoid mater protruding into dural venous sinuses
  • returns CSF to venous blood
124
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • inner meninx made of thin, translucent connective tissue
  • surrounds brain/spinal cord
  • follows every brain contour
125
Q

Pia Mater (2)

A
  • highly vascular membrane (rich in blood supply)
  • smaller blood arterioles/capillaries pass through pia mater to nourish brain
  • nutrients move from blood to brain extracelluar fluid

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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