Chapter 12 book notes and concepts, and chapter summary Flashcards
Fermentation
an energy yielding metabolic pathway with no net change in the oxidation state of the products compared to that of the substrates
What does anerobic glycolysis lead to?
pyruvate, but the pyruvate is then reduced, so no net oxidation of glucose occurs
A low-affinity isozyme of hexokinase in liver has
a sigmoidal dependence of glucose concentration; thus the liver is able to adjust its glucose use depending on the supply of glucose avaliable in the blood
What is the primary step at which glycolysis is regulated?
The phosphofructokinase reaction
What catalyzes the first glycolytic reaction that forms ATP?
Phosphoglycerate kinase
What catalyzes the second ATP forming reaction in the glycolytic pathway?
Pyruvate kinase
What must be reduced to lactate when tissues are insufficiently aerobic to oxidize all of the NADH formed in glycolysis?
Pyruvate
Glycolysis, which yields 2 ATP per glucose is fast, but
releases only a small fraction of the energy avaiable from glucose
What is essential for the maintenance of blood glucose levels with acceptable limits
Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors
What uses specific enzymes to bypass three irreversible reactions of glycolysis?
Gluconeogenesis
What are consumed per mole of glucose synthesized by gluconeogenesis
The equivalent of 2 high energy phosphates
inhibits gluconeogenesis and vice versa
conditions that promote glycolysis
What induces the biosynthesis of pyruvate kinase and increases the ability of the body to obtain energy from glycolysis
Dietary carbohydrate
UDP
gluclose is the metabolically activated form of glucose for glycogen synthesis
What requires glycogen synthase for polymerization and a transglycosylate to create branches
Glycogen biosynthesis
