Chapter 12 and 13 (Unit 6 Cities and Urban Land Use) Flashcards
What is the site?
Absolute location. And what it is surrounded by.
What is the situation?
The things happening in an area, why something is where it is.
What influences urbanization?
Waterways, railways and highways. In other words transportation and communication networks. Access to markets, raw materials in factories and access to jobs.
Streetcars
Live by city center, internal movement.
Cars
Suburbs, drive to work
Highways
businesses can move into different places because of cheaper land.
Cell phones - internet
international communication
First Stage of Borchert’s Epoch - Sail Wagon
Cities were clustered within 60 miles of the Atlantic sea coast, interior cities grew only if they had access to a river that had access to a coast. (late 18th century)
Second Stage of Borchert’s Epoch - Iron Horse
Steam railroads allowed for expansion inland much like steamboats and industrial sites. (mid 19th century)
Third Stage of Borchert’s Epoch - Steel Rail
Transcontinental railoads, industrial centers grow, river cities declined as rail cities grew. Chicago was a central point to the economy. (late 19th century)
Fourth Stage of Borchert’s Epoch - Auto Air Amenity
Railroads decline and cars (through highways) are main travel, air travel increased greatly, major urban growth in the Great Lakes region due to the automobile industry same in Sunbelt cities.
Rural to Urban Migration
Economic and educational opportunities and access to services.
Favelas Squatter Settlements Slums
A household that cannot provide the basic living condition
- durable housing
-sufficient living space
-easy access to safe water
-access to sanitation
Favela development
lack of affordable housing and vulerability to natural disasters even a higher rate of disease and malnutrition.
How do governments attract businesses and boost the economy?
tax incentives, low crime, affordable housing, good schools, transportation infrastructure, financial incentives, and entertainment.
Forward Capitals
Capital cities that are relocated
Brasilia
Allowed more people to go to a cheaper place and solved overpopulation in the shore cities.
Megacities
10 million or more people
Metacities
20 million or more people
Urban Sprawl
Greater access to roads automobiles and commercial developments cities have expanded horizontally from the city core.
Suburbanization
People moving from cities to residential areas in the outskirts of cities.
Boomburgs
A rapid suburban growth in a town.
Exburbs
Community on the outside edge of traditional suburbs. (Beverly Hills)
Placelessness
A lack of identity or culture in a place
World Cities
Large cities that exert global economic, cultural, and political influence and make up a network of economic, social and information flows.
London, New York, Tokyo, Paris, Singapore
The Urban Hierarchy
Different cities have different functions within the system, with larger, more influential cities landing higher on the hierarchy while cities with smaller populations and economies fall lower on the hierarchy. Bigger city means more people and services but lesser amounts of big cities and viceversa.
Rank Size Rule
Model that illustrates the relationship betwene popu.ation distribution in cities that are interconnected in teh urban hierarchy. Typically indicates somewhat even development.
Primate City
Model that illustrates disproportionate population distribution within a state. One particular city is extremely large in terms of popoulation size and economic, cu.tural and political influence.
The Gravity Model
Model that illustrates the spatial relationship of interaction between locations of different sizes - flows of people, trade, traffic, communication, etc.
Christaller’s Central Place Theory
Model that illustrates the hierarchical spatial patters of cities and settlements. Is based off of economic functions and consumer behavior
Threshold
The number of peple needed to support a certain good or service.
Range
The distance that someone is willing to travel for a good or service.
High Order Goods and Services
Expensive, desirable or unique - large threshold and range.
Low Order Goods and Services
Inexpensive, common everyday needs. Smaller threshold and range. Typically found in lower order locations.
Bid Rent Theory
The value of land is influenced by its distance from the market city center
Burgess Concentric Zone Mod
Based on the development of Chicago in the 1920s. Concentric rings are used to classify each type of land use patter.
Ring 1
Bid Rent theory the Central Business District is the most expensive land.
Ring 2 Zone of Transition
Factories and industries with a mix of low-income apartments
Ring 3
Another ring of low-income housing. High population density, poor living conditions
Ring 4 & 5
As the distance from the CBD increases the cost of land decreases larger plots of land
Hoyt Sector Model
Based on improving the Concentric Zone Model, Sectors develop along transportation routes, low income housing develops surrounding industry and major transportation routes, middle and high income housing develops further from the city center and manufacturing so as not to experience heavy traffic and pollution.
Sector 1
CBD
Sector 2
Wholesale and light manufacturing (small businesses)
Sector 3
Lower-class residential
Sector 4
Middle clsas residential
Sector 5
Upper class residential
Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
Cities develop around multiple focal points and build outwards to create a functional regions. Site and situational factors influence land use patters.
Industrial suburb
A company that buys land and provides jobs for the suburbs around it.
Galactic City Model
Developed in the 80s focuses on the decentralization and suburbanization of urban environments. Is one circle and shows where each subsection is distributed. Mini CBDs are edge cities.
Latin American City Model
Has a “spine” that runs from the modernized CBD in the center, through healthy housing and connects to a secondary suburban center called the mall.
Zone of Maturity
A zone that is getting developed
Zone of Situ Accretion
The zone of Mixed quality housing, a zone that transitions from elite housing to squatter settlements.
African City Model
Has 3 CBDs and reflects colonialism, a traditional business centre a colonial one and a market zone.
Population Density
The amount of people that occupy a specific unit of land
Residential
A term to describe places in which people reside
Noise Pollution
Cars, planes, etc makes a lot of noise and drive the quality of life down
Zoning Policies
Zoning is a regulation about what type of development or land use can occur in a specific location. Can be residential commercial or industrial.
Infilling
Redevelopment of vacant land to improve the surrounding area. Industrial areas can be turned into offices housing and entertainment venues.
Infrastructure
Transportation systems, power stations and lines, wifi, sewage systems, schools, police and fire departments, and hospitals.
Renewable Energy Sources
Hydroelectric, air powered allow for cleaner air.
Sustainable City
A city that reduces the cities impact on the environment have a high quality of life with many opportunities and stability.
Smart Growth
Policies that aim towards a cleaner and more sustainable future.
Mixed Use Development
Places that have multiple uses like retail residential educational and businesses.
Greenbelts
An area of green space such as a park, agricultural land, or forest around an urban area intended to limit urban sprawl. Can act as a boundary.
Qualitative Data
Data that involves descriptions based on peoples perceptions or opinions. Open ended and are often fieldwork.
Quantitative Data
Data that involves numbers and statistics that can be measured.
Redlining
Housing discrimination maintained by banks, racism led to refusal of grants and home loans because of the ethnic or racial composition.
Redlining
Housing discrimination maintained by banks, racism led to refusal of grants and home loans because of the ethnic or racial composition.
Blockbusting
Housing discrimination maintained by real estate industry. White families encouraged to sell. Fear based, so they sold houses at below market prices.
Fair Housing Act of 1968
Redlining and blockcusting made illegal.
Affordability
Rising mortgage rates, expensive home prices, low inventory and inflation makes it difficult for the average American family to afford a home.
Healthy Drinking Water
Water can be contaminated by lead pipes, which can lead to a lower IQ.
Environmental Injustice
Communities of color and the poor are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens such as air and water pollution.
Disamenity Zones
Locations that are unsafe with dangerous terrain that are not connected to city services.
Zones of Abandonment
Locations that have been abandoned due to lack of jobs and opportunities.
Inclusionary Zoning
Areas where city governments require that developers must include low nad medium income housing options in their projects to obtain building permits.
Local Food Movements
Using city-owned land or abandoned areas to plant community, urban gardens to provide fresh fruit and vegetables to people living in food deserts.
Urban Renewal
Program funded by fed govs after ww2 intended to redevelop industrial urban areas.
Gentrification
The process by which higher income residents or professional developers buy buildings in abandoned, blighted, and or industrial areas for a low cost and renovate, restore or rebuild the property.
Suburban Sprawl
With greater access to roads and cars suburban areas grow horizontally.
Ecological Footprint
Uses land as currency to measure how fast we consume resources and generate waste compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste and regenerate new resources.
Sanitation
Sanitation issues and lack of sewage, prevents cities from healthy water.
Air pollution
caused by cars, power plants and industries, these produce too much bad air, or smog.
Brownfield
A large abandoned industrial site that can be polluted in a suburb or central city.
