Chapter 12 and 13 Flashcards
public speaking
includes a speaker who has a reason for speaking and an audience that gives the speaker attention, and a message that is meant to accomplish a specific purpose
persuasive speeches
intended to influence the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of your audience ( could reafirm existing attitudes, beliefs and behaviors)
informative speeches
aim to increase your audiences understanding or knowledge by presenting new, relevant, and useful information
could explain process, plan, describe objects or places, or characterize a particular state of affairs.
special occasion speeches
use the principles of both informative and persuasive speaking for special occasions, such as introducing a speaker, accepting an honor or award, presenting an memorial , or celebrating an achievement
audience analysis
highly systematic process of getting to know your listeners relative to the topic and speech occasion- critical step in speech process
demographics
the systematic study of the quantifiable characteristics of a large group
adapting to your audience
- consider audience motivation
- seek common ground
- determine prior exposure
- consider disposition
- observe people
- -get to know people
- -survey and interview your audience
- -use the web
brainstorming
amassing information, thinking creatively, and consider problems and solutions related to your topic
clustering
technique for identifying potential speech topics
start with a core idea, from which the writer branches out into a web of related ideas
specific purpose statement
express both the topic and the general speech purpose in action form and in terms of the specific objectives you hope to achieve with your presentation
thesis statement
a statement that conveys the central idea or core assumption about your topic- must clearly summarize what you want your audience to get out of the the speech
expert testimony
the opinion or judgement of an expert, a professional in his or her field
lay testimony
the opinion of a nonexpert who has personal experience or witnessed an event related to your topic
scientific research findings
carry a lot of weight with audiences, particularly if your topic is related to medicine, health, media, or the environment
anecdotes
brief, personal stories that have a point or punch line
quotations
repeating the exact words of another person, are usually most effective when they are brief
networking
making connections with people you don’t know through people you know
surveys
involve soliciting answers to a question or series of questions related to your topic from a broad range of individuals
library gate way
collections of databases and information sites arranged by subject, generally reviewed and recommended by experts
directory
secondary resource, creaed and maintainedb y people rather than computers, will guide you to the main page of a web side organized within a wider subject category
meta search engine
a search engine that scans multiple search engines simultaneously
credibility
the quality, authority, and reliability of the source you use
plagiarism
the crime of presenting someones else’s words, ideas, or intellectual property as your own, intentionally or unitentionally
running bibliography
a list of resources you’ve been consulted
basic rules for ethical speaking require:
trustworthiness- be honest
respect- treating people right
responsible- consider the topic and purpose of the speech
fair- present alternative and opposing views to the audience
main points
the central claims that support your specific speech purpose and your thesis statement
subpoints
provide support for the main points
chronological pattern
presents the main points in a message forward( or backward) in a systematic, time-related fashion
topical pattern
based on organization into categories such as persons, places, things, or processes.
spatial pattern
arranges main points into terms of their physical proximity to or position in relation to each other
problem- solution pattern
dramatizing an obstacle and then narrowing alternative remedies down to the one that you recommend
cause- effect pattern
you attempt to organize the message around the cause-to-effect or the effect-to-the cause relationships
narrative pattern
tie in points together in a wa that presents a vivid story, complete with characters, settings, plot, and imagery
motivated sequence pattern
created more than seventy years ago by the noted public speaking scholar Alan Monroe
1) attention- the speaker gains the interst of the audience
2) Need- the speaker addresses an unmet need apparent to the audience
3) satisfaction- the speaker proposes a solution that satisfies the need
4) visualization- the speaker illustrates how the solution meets the need
5) action- the speaker demonstrates how the solution may be implemented
transitions
sentences that connect different points, thoughts, and details in a way that allows them to flow naturally form one to the next
signposts
key words or phrases within sentences that signify transitions between points
internal previews
prime the audience for the content immediately ahead
internal summaries
summarize what was just said
use language that works
respect audience
keep it simple
use vivid language
incorporate repetition, allusion, and comparisons
sentence outline
offers the full text of your speech
phrase outline
takes parts of sentences and uses those phrases as instant reminders of what the point or subpoint means
key word outline
briefest possible outline
preparation outline
draft that you will use and probably revisit an devise continually throughout the prep of your speech
speaking outline
delivery outline, outline used during speech
delivery cues
brief reminders about important information related to the delievery of your speech that are for your eyes only
oral citations
the references to a source materials that you mention in the narrative of your speech
