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Principles of Human Nutrition > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

The trace minerals are difficult to study in humans because:

a. some of them are required in such small amounts that environmental contamination can obscure experimental results.
b. they are so small, they are difficult to identify.
c. they are required in such small amounts that deficiencies do not occur.
d. biological tests are imprecise.

A

a. some of them are required in such small amounts that environmental contamination can obscure experimental results.

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2
Q

Iron is a component of the protein, ______________ that binds and transports oxygen in the bloodstream.

a. ferritin
b. albumin
c. hemoglobin
d. myoglobin

A

c. hemoglobin

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3
Q

Lack of which trace element is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide?

a. Copper
b. Zinc
c. Iron
d. Iodine

A

c. Iron

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT a good source of heme iron?

a. Beef
b. Chicken
c. Salmon
d. Spinach

A

d. Spinach

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5
Q

All of the following are adequate sources of nonheme iron EXCEPT:

a. apples.
b. enriched white rice.
c. garbanzo beans.
d. spinach.

A

a. apples.

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6
Q

Which of the following is NOT a true statement?

a. Cooking in iron skillets can provide dietary iron.
b. Vitamin C enhances iron absorption.
c. Phytates in cereal enhance the absorption of iron.
d. Calcium supplements decrease iron absorption.

A

c. Phytates in cereal enhance the absorption of iron.

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7
Q

Which of the following is a copper-containing plasma protein that converts iron to a form that can be transported and stored?

a. Ceruloplasmin
b. Ferritin
c. Hemoglobin
d. Transferrin

A

a. Ceruloplasmin

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8
Q

Which is the most sensitive indicator of iron stores in the body?

a. Ferritin
b. Hematocrit
c. Hemoglobin
d. transferrin

A

a. Ferritin

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9
Q

Which is the true statement about iron loss?

a. When red blood cells die, the iron in the cells is excreted.
b. Most loss of iron from the body is associated with blood loss.
c. There is significant loss of iron through the urinary tract.
d. Iron from red blood cells binds to calcium and is excreted through the large intestine.

A

b. Most loss of iron from the body is associated with blood loss.

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10
Q

Which of the following is a true statement about iron requirements?

a. The RDA for young adult women is higher than the RDA young adult men.
b. For adolescents 14 to 18 years-of-age, the RDA is the same for males and females.
c. Iron requirements increase after menopause.
d. Babies should not be fed iron-containing formulas, because of the risk of toxicity.

A

a. The RDA for young adult women is higher than the RDA young adult men.

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11
Q

A compulsion to eat non-food items such as laundry starch, clay or ice is called:

a. anemia.
b. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
c. pica.
d. retrogression.

A

c. pica.

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12
Q

Iron stores that are higher than normal but not at a toxic level may be associated with:

a. an increased risk of cancer and heart disease.
b. hyper-hemoglobinemia.
c. an improved immune system.
d. increased stamina and endurance.

A

a. an increased risk of cancer and heart disease.

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13
Q

______________ is an inherited condition that causes individuals to absorb and accumulate too much iron.

a. Hemochromatosis
b. Hematocrit absorption syndrome
c. Hyperferritosis
d. Reverse anemia

A

a. Hemochromatosis

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14
Q

Which of the following would NOT enhance absorption of the iron found in supplements?

a. Consuming the supplement with a meal containing beef
b. Taking it with a calcium supplement
c. Taking the supplement with a meal containing fish
d. Consuming it with orange juice

A

b. Taking it with a calcium supplement

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15
Q

When the intake of ______________ is high, copper absorption into the blood is inhibited.

a. iodine
b. fluoride
c. chromium
d. zinc

A

d. zinc

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16
Q

Zinc deficiency in Iranian and Egyptian men occurred because:

a. they did not eat meat.
b. the diet was low in zinc since local soils were low in zinc.
c. they consumed diets high in animal protein, which inhibits zinc absorption.
d. phytates in the diet bound zinc, decreasing its bioavailability.

A

d. phytates in the diet bound zinc, decreasing its bioavailability.

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17
Q

The symptoms of zinc deficiency include all of the following EXCEPT:

a. hair loss.
b. impaired reproduction.
c. anemia.
d. reduced immune function.

A

c. anemia.

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18
Q

Which of the following groups is at risk for zinc deficiency in the United States?

a. Children aged 1-3 years
b. Adults older than 71 years of age
c. Adolescent boys
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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19
Q

Which statement about zinc toxicity is FALSE?

a. It can lower HDL cholesterol.
b. It may occur from food and beverage contamination by galvanized containers.
c. Zinc toxicity interferes with the function of iron in superoxide dismutase.
d. It can decrease immune function.

A

c. Zinc toxicity interferes with the function of iron in superoxide dismutase.

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20
Q

One form of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which has antioxidant properties, contains the trace element ______________.

a. iron
b. copper
c. sulfur
d. sodium

A

b. copper

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21
Q

identify the most accurate statement regarding copper.

a. Copper deficiency usually causes iron-deficiency anemia.
b. Copper deficiency may result in zinc deficiency.
c. High copper intake can cause osteoporosis.
d. Copper excess may cause changes in hair color.

A

a. Copper deficiency usually causes iron-deficiency anemia.

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22
Q

Which is NOT a plentiful source of zinc?

a. Beef
b. Refried beans
c. Saltine crackers
d. Yogurt

A

c. Saltine crackers

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23
Q

High intakes of zinc stimulate the synthesis of ______________ in the mucosal cells.

a. ferritin
b. metallothionein
c. transferrin
d. zinc oxide dismutase

A

b. metallothionein

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24
Q

Which statement is FALSE regarding the function of zinc in the body?

a. Zinc is a cofactor for many enzymes.
b. Zinc is needed for development of sex organs.
c. Zinc is needed for growth and tissue repair.
d. Zinc is needed for synthesis of vitamin E.

A

d. Zinc is needed for synthesis of vitamin E.

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25
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding copper absorption?

a. Zinc promotes the absorption of copper.
b. About 80% of copper is absorbed.
c. Vitamin C enhances copper absorption.
d. By inhibiting zinc absorption, phytates may enhance the copper absorption.

A

d. By inhibiting zinc absorption, phytates may enhance the copper absorption.

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26
Q

The following are physiologic roles of copper EXCEPT:

a. connective tissue synthesis.
b. maintenance of heart muscle.
c. normal sexual development.
d. functioning of the central nervous system.

A

c. normal sexual development.

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27
Q

Copper deficiency is most likely to occur in:

a. pre-term infants.
b. children aged 1-3.
c. adolescents.
d. the elderly.

A

a. pre-term infants.

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28
Q

The best dietary sources of manganese are:

a. fruits and vegetables.
b. nuts and whole grains.
c. meats.
d. dairy products.

A

b. nuts and whole grains.

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29
Q

Manganese homeostasis is maintained through:

a. excretion by the kidneys.
b. no controlled process.
c. regulation of absorption and excretion in the bile.
d. competition with other minerals.

A

c. regulation of absorption and excretion in the bile.

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30
Q

Which statement about manganese toxicity is FALSE?

a. Toxic levels can occur in mineworkers exposed to manganese dust.
b. Manganese toxicity damages the nervous system.
c. Manganese toxicity is not the result of eating manganese-containing foods.
d. Manganese toxicity is a common cause of birth defects.

A

d. Manganese toxicity is a common cause of birth defects.

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31
Q

Which of the following is an excellent source of selenium?

a. Salmon
b. Kiwi
c. Potato
d. Drinking water

A

a. Salmon

32
Q

Proteins containing selenium as a component of their amino acids are called:

a. glutathione peroxidases.
b. selenoenzymes.
c. selenoproteins.
d. superoxide dismutases.

A

c. selenoproteins.

33
Q

Which of the following statements about Keshan disease is FALSE?

a. A virus appears to be involved.
b. It causes an enlarged heart and poor heart function.
c. Middle aged men are most at risk.
d. Keshan disease occurred in areas of China where soil selenium is very low.

A

c. Middle aged men are most at risk.

34
Q

In most people, taking selenium supplements to increase intake over the RDA:

a. will protect against environmental pollutants.
b. will prevent heart disease.
c. will not provide any additional benefits.
d. will slow the aging process.

A

c. will not provide any additional benefits.

35
Q

Which statement regarding antioxidant supplements is FALSE?

a. Some antioxidant supplements can actually enhance oxidation.
b. The optimum dose of each antioxidant is unknown.
c. Supplements cannot replace the benefits of eating antioxidant-rich foods.
d. Antioxidant enzyme supplements have been shown to boost defenses.

A

d. Antioxidant enzyme supplements have been shown to boost defenses.

36
Q

Which mineral protects against oxidative damage and also helps synthesize thyroid hormone?

a. Copper
b. Manganese
c. Selenium
d. Zinc

A

c. Selenium

37
Q

A low selenium diet has been most highly associated with:

a. arthritis.
b. cancer.
c. dementia.
d. diabetes.

A

b. cancer.

38
Q

Which of the following is the POOREST source of iodine?

a. Apricots
b. Milk
c. Shrimp
d. Iodized salt

A

a. Apricots

39
Q

The primary role of iodine in the body is:

a. as an antioxidant.
b. as a cofactor in hemoglobin synthesis.
c. as a component of thyroid hormones.
d. participation in carbohydrate metabolism

A

c. as a component of thyroid hormones.

40
Q

Iodine deficiency often causes an enlarged thyroid gland resulting in:

a. blockage of arteries leading to the heart.
b. a Dowager’s hump.
c. a goiter.
d. shortness of breath.

A

c. a goiter.

41
Q

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy may cause ______________ in the offspring.

a. cretinism
b. neural tube defects
c. fetal goiter syndrome
d. hypoglycemia

A

a. cretinism

42
Q

Substances that interfere with the utilization of iodine or with the function of the thyroid gland are called:

a. thyroxin interference aggregates.
b. goitrogens.
c. homeostatic decoupling agents.
d. cretinoids.

A

b. goitrogens.

43
Q

Marginal chromium deficiency has been linked to:

a. breast cancer.
b. polio.
c. strokes.
d. type 2 diabetes.

A

d. type 2 diabetes.

44
Q

Of the following, the best source of chromium is:

a. dairy.
b. whole grains.
c. vegetables.
d. fruits.

A

b. whole grains.

45
Q

Excess fluoride consumption may cause:

a. arthritis.
b. diarrhea.
c. hives and dermatitis.
d. mottled teeth.

A

d. mottled teeth.

46
Q

Fluoride has shown to be most effective in preventing:

a. colon cancer.
b. dental caries.
c. osteomalacia.
d. obesity.

A

b. dental caries.

47
Q

The POOREST source of fluoride among the following is:

a. toothpaste.
b. foods cooked with Teflon.
c. tea.
d. pork.

A

d. pork.

48
Q

Which statement about chromium supplementation is the most accurate?

a. Supplementation may improve the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.
b. Chromium supplementation increases lean body mass.
c. It leads to weight loss.
d. It may improve athletic performance.

A

a. Supplementation may improve the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

49
Q

Which statement about overt chronic chromium deficiency is correct?

a. It may in part explain the obesity epidemic in the US.
b. It is common in the U.S. since so many processed foods are consumed.
c. Overt chronic chromium deficiency may occur in malnourished children.
d. Chromium deficiency results in high blood pressure and increased risk of stroke.

A

c. Overt chronic chromium deficiency may occur in malnourished children.

50
Q

Chromium is thought to work by:

a. binding to insulin.
b. slowing the absorption of glucose.
c. interacting with the insulin receptor.
d. stimulating the pancreas.

A

c. interacting with the insulin receptor.

51
Q

Which statement about fluoride is FALSE?

a. Fluoride is poorly absorbed, with only ~20% transported across the intestine.
b. Calcium containing foods decrease fluoride absorption.
c. Fluoridated water typically contains 0.7-1.2 ppm fluoride.
d. Fluoride has the greatest effect on caries prevention before age 13.

A

a. Fluoride is poorly absorbed, with only ~20% transported across the intestine.

52
Q

______________ is needed to activate enzymes and in the production of uric acid.

a. Chromium
b. Molybdenum
c. Selenium
d. Zinc

A

b. Molybdenum

53
Q

Molybdenum is required for all of the following EXCEPT:

a. the metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids.
b. the production of uric acid.
c. the synthesis of collagen.
d. the metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds in RNA and DNA.

A

c. the synthesis of collagen.

54
Q

the richest source(s) of copper in the diet is (are):

a. organ meats such as liver and kidney.
b. brewer’s yeast.
c. avocados.
d. chicken and turkey.

A

a. organ meats such as liver and kidney.

55
Q

Most of the fluoride in the U.S. comes from:

a. drinking water and toothpaste.
b. dark green and yellow vegetables.
c. tea.
d. seafood and treated salt.

A

a. drinking water and toothpaste.

56
Q

Iodine deficiency during childhood and adolescence has been known to cause:

a. premature baldness.
b. impaired mental function.
c. cancer risk in later life.
d. sudden death.

A

b. impaired mental function.

57
Q

_____________ is a component of the antioxidant enzyme gluthathione peroxidase.

a. Molybdenum
b. Nickel
c. Selenium
d. Boron

A

c. Selenium

58
Q

Of the following, ______________ is (are) the best source of zinc.

a. apples
b. refined grains
c. chocolate
d. red meat

A

d. red meat

59
Q

Which is NOT a factor in determining the rates of iron absorption?

a. Blood glucose levels
b. Levels of iron stores
c. Presence of vitamin C in foods
d. Form of iron ingested

A

a. Blood glucose levels

60
Q

______________ is not a component of an antioxidant enzyme.

a. Copper
b. Iodine
c. Selenium
d. Zinc

A

b. Iodine

61
Q

What is the function of iron in the body?

a. It regulates protein function in the body.
b. It is essential for delivering oxygen to cells.
c. It transports important nutrients to cells.
d. It helps to maintain the body at a slightly acidic pH.

A

b. It is essential for delivering oxygen to cells.

62
Q

What role does selenium have in cancer development?

a. The incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancer decreased in one selenium-supplemented group.
b. The incidence of skin cancer is low when selenium intake is high.
c. Selenium has no effect on cancer development.
d. Selenium supplements have been shown to benefit the general population.

A

a. The incidence of lung, prostate, and colon cancer decreased in one selenium-supplemented group.

63
Q

What is the function of iodine?

a. Iodine increases blood pressure.
b. Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones.
c. Iodine decreases the basal metabolic rate.
d. Iodine stimulates the synthesis of thyroid-stimulating hormones.

A

b. Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones.

64
Q

What is known about molybdenum?

a. Molybdenum plays an important role in regulating blood pressure.
b. Molybdenum deficiency has been frequently reported in the scientific journals.
c. A Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) has not yet been established for molybdenum.
d. Molybdenum in food varies with its content of the soil where the food is produced.

A

d. Molybdenum in food varies with its content of the soil where the food is produced.

65
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE about FLUORIDE?

a. Aluminum cookware increases fluoride content of food.
b. Teflon increases fluoridee content of food.
c. Toothpaste does not contribute significantly to fluoride in the body.
d. Tea is a significant source of fluorine in the body.

A

b. Teflon increases fluoridee content of food.

66
Q

How are selenium and vitamin E related?

a. They promote the production of peroxides in the blood.
b. They stimulate free radical formation.
c. They help protect cells from oxidative damage.
d. They help produce glutathione peroxidase.

A

c. They help protect cells from oxidative damage.

67
Q

How do high intakes of zinc affect copper absorption?

a. High zinc intake inhibits the synthesis of the protein metallothionein in the mucosal cells.
b. Metallothionein binds zinc more tightly than it binds copper.
c. Excess zinc in the diet stimulates the production of a protein that binds copper.
d. Metallothionein binds copper, preventing it from being released into the blood.

A

d. Metallothionein binds copper, preventing it from being released into the blood.

68
Q

Why might copper deficiency lead to anemia?

a. Copper maintains the integrity of the hemoglobin molecule.
b. Copper-containing proteins are required for iron transport.
c. Copper is an essential element in the formation of the myoglobin.
d. Copper deficiency causes vitamin C deficiency thereby reducing iron absorption.

A

b. Copper-containing proteins are required for iron transport.

69
Q

Zinc transport proteins:

a. export zinc to the lumen when zinc intake is high.
b. move zinc from the lumen to the mucosal cells when zinc intake is high.
c. stimulate metallothionine synthesis, regardless of zinc intake.
d. inhibit metallothionine synthesis, regardless of zinc intake.

A

a. export zinc to the lumen when zinc intake is high.

70
Q

How does chromium affect blood glucose levels?

a. Chromium decreases blood glucose.
b. Chromium increases blood glucose.
c. Chromium has no effect on blood glucose.
d. There is insufficient research on the chromium-blood glucose connection.

A

a. Chromium decreases blood glucose.

71
Q

What is true about trace elements?

a. Boron may be involved in vitamin C metabolism.
b. The arsenic that occurs in foods is nontoxic.
c. Nickel plays a role in calcium deposition in the bones.
d. Silicon promotes muscle contraction and relaxation.

A

b. The arsenic that occurs in foods is nontoxic.

72
Q

Why is bioavailability a concern with trace elements?

a. Phytates, tannins, oxalate, and fiber increase their absorption.
b. Large amounts of these minerals are present in the diet.
c. The interactions among minerals affect their utilization.
d. Small concentration changes have no impact on trace element status.

A

c. The interactions among minerals affect their utilization.

73
Q

What affect does iodine deficiency have on the thyroid gland?

a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone causes the thyroid gland to release iodine.
b. Iodine deficiency deactivates thyroid hormones.
c. Iodine deficiency stimulates the thyroid gland to enlarge to take up iodine.
d. Iodine deficiency stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.

A

c. Iodine deficiency stimulates the thyroid gland to enlarge to take up iodine.

74
Q

How do manganese, copper, and zinc influence antioxidant function?

a. they decrease the oxidant activity of the cell membrane.
b. They convert ferric oxide to ferrous oxide.
c. They are required for the activity of a form of superoxide dismutase.
d. They help neutralize peroxides in the blood.

A

c. They are required for the activity of a form of superoxide dismutase.

75
Q

What is the role of zinc in gene expression?

a. Zinc stimulates the production of metallothionein by binding to a regulatory factor.
b. Zinc deactivates the transcription of the gene for the metallothionein protein.
c. Zinc promotes the production of the transport proteins that are involved in protein synthesis.
d. Zinc transcribes the gene that synthesizes the protein receptor.

A

a. Zinc stimulates the production of metallothionein by binding to a regulatory factor.

76
Q

What contributes to the loss of iron?

a. Blood loss
b. Non-heme iron
c. Decreased solubility
d. Transferrin receptors

A

a. Blood loss

Principles of Human Nutrition (1 decks)

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