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A2 Biology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Autotrophs

A

Organisms that use inorganic carbon source (carbon dioxide)

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2
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that use ready-made supply of carbon

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3
Q

Use of energy in living organisms

A
  • Synthesis of Substances
  • Active transport of substances
  • Mechanical contraction of muscles
  • Beating of cilia and flagella
  • Heat energy released from respiration used to maintain a constant body temperature in birds and mammals
  • Bioluminescence
  • Electricity production in marine life
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4
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A
  • “Energy Currency”

- Intermediary molecule of energy between energy yielding and energy requiring reactions

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5
Q

Anabolism

A

The building up of larger, more complex molecules

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6
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones

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7
Q

Difference between endergonic and exergonic

A

Endergonic requires energy whereas exergonic releases

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8
Q

How does catabolism of glucose yield energy?

A

During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidised and 02 is reduced. The relocation of electrons releases energy stored in organic molecules and the energy is used to synthesise ATP.

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9
Q

Where does cellular respiration takes place?

A

Glycolysis: In cytoplasm

Krebs Cycle, Link Reaction, OP: In mitochondria

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10
Q

What are the important characteristics of the matrix for respiration?

A

Presence of dehydrogenase and decarboxylase enzymes which allows enzymes and substrates to freely interact

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11
Q

What are the important characteristics of the inner membrane for respiration?

A
  • Many cristae
  • Large surface area of cristae for the layout of the sequence of carrier molecules needed for electron transfer
  • Presence of ATP synthase (stalked particles)
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12
Q

What is the importance of the inter-membrane space in respiration?

A

The building up of a hydrogen ion gradient in chemiosmosis

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13
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A
  1. Phosphorylation
  2. Splitting
  3. Oxidation of TP
  4. ATP Production
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14
Q

What happens during phosphorylation? (Glycolysis)

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is formed from glucose

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15
Q

What happens during splitting? (Glycolysis)

A

Fructose bisphosphate (hexose) breaks into 2 molecule of triose phosphate

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16
Q

What happens during oxidation of triose phosphate? (Glycolysis)

A
  1. Hydrogen is removed from triose phosphate.
  2. Hydrogen is transferred to hydrogen carrier molecule (NAD+)
  3. Forms reduced NAD which is carried to ETC
17
Q

What happens during ATP Production? (Glycolysis)

A
  • 4 enzyme reactions
  • Convert triose phosphate to pyruvate
  • Produces:
    1. 2 molecules of ATP
    2. 2 hydrogen
    3. Reduced NAD
18
Q

Why does phosphorylation happen? (Glycolysis)

A
  1. More reactive
  2. Charged molecule
  3. Bigger molecule
19
Q

Why does splitting happen? (Glycolysis?

A

More stable due to high energy level from hexose

20
Q

Why does oxidation of TP happen? (Glycolysis)

A

To form reduced NAD

21
Q

Why does ATP production happen? (Glycolysis)

A
  1. To produce 2 ATP

2. To convert TP to pyruvate

22
Q

What carries the electrons/ hydrogen?

A
  • A coenzyme called NAD+
23
Q

What happens when NAD+ picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion?

A

Reduced to NADH

24
Q

What are other electrons/hydrogen carriers than NAD+?

A
  • FAD+ which is reduced to FADH2 (reduced FAD)
25
Q

What happens during Link Reaction?

A
  1. Each pyruvate (3-C) molecule enters the matrix of a mitochondrion.
  2. Loses one CO2 molecule from decarboxylation with enzyme, pyruvate decarboxylase.
  3. Loses a pair of hydrogen from dehydrogenation with enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase.
  4. Becomes a 2-C molecule called acetyl group.
26
Q

What happens during Krebs Cycle?

A
  1. Acetyl group (2C) enters the cycle by combining with a 4C compound, oxaloacetate to form a 6C compound, citrate.
  2. Decarboxylation.
  3. Dehydrogenation.
  4. Phosphorylation.
27
Q

What happens during decarboxylation? (Krebs Cycle)

A

2 carbon atoms are lost as CO2 in two reactions

28
Q

What happens during dehydrogenation? (Krebs Cycle)

A
  1. Hydrogen is added to hydrogen carriers in four reactions.
  2. Results in 3 reduced NAD, 1 reduced FAD.
29
Q

What happens during phosphorylation? (Krebs Cycle)

A

One molecule of ATP is made directly for every turn of the cycle.

30
Q

What is the product of link reaction?

A
  • 2 reduced NAD

- 2 molecules of CO2

A2 Biology (1 decks)

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