Chapter 12 Flashcards
What are the two different types of respiration?
Aerobic
Anaerobic
When does Aerobic respiration take place and what are the products?
Requires O2
Produces CO2 + H2O and much ATP
When does anaerobic respiration take place and what are the products?
Absence of O2
Produces: Lactate, Ethanol + CO2 + Little ATP
What are the four stages of aerobic respiration?
1) Glycolysis
2) Links Reaction
3) Krebs Cycle
4) Oxidative Phosphorylation
Summarise the process of Glycolysis
The splitting of 6-carbon molecule into two 3-pyruvate molecule
Summarise the process of Links Reaction
3-carbon pyruvate molecules enter a series of reaction which leads to the formation of acetyl-coenzyme A
Summarise the process of Krebs Cycle
Introduction of acetyl coenzyme A into a cycle of oxidation-reduction reactions that yield some ATP + Large quantity of NAD + FAD
Summarise the process of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Use of electrons, associated with Reduced NAD and FAD, released from the Krebs cycle to synthesize ATP with water produced as a by-product
Where does glycolysis occur within the cell?
Cytoplasm
State the four stages of glycolysis?
Stage 1: Phosphorylation of gluscose to glucose phosphate
Stage 2: Splitting of the phosphorylated glucose
Stage 3: Oxidation of triose phosphate
Stage 4: the production of ATP
What is the overall yield from glycolysis?
- 2 molecules of ATP
- 2 molecules of reduced NAD
- 2 Molecules of pyruvate
In what way are pyruvate molecules oxidized, Before the Krebs cycle?
Through Links Reaction
In eukaryotic cells where do the Krebs cycle and links reaction take place?
Mitochondria
matrix
What series of reactions does pyruvate go through during links reaction?
- Pyruvate is oxidized to acetate
- 2-carbon acetate combines with a Coenzyme A to produce acetyl-coenzyme A
What is the overall reaction of pyruvate during links reaction?
Pyruvate
Summarise the Krebs cycle?
- 2-carbon acetyl coenzyme combines with a 4-carbon molecule to produce ab 6-carbon molecule
- In a series of reactions the 6-carbon molecule loses CO2 + Hydrogen to give a 4-carbon molecule + a single molecule of ATP produce as a result of SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
- The 4-carbon molecule can now combine with a new molecule of acetyl coenzyme A to begin the cycle again
For each pyruvate what do the links reaction and Krebs cycle produce?
- Reduced Coenzymes (NAD, FAD)
- 1 molecule of ATP
- 3 molecules of CO2
Are coenzymes enzymes?
NO
What are coenzymes?
Molecules that some enzymes require in order tio function
Coenzymes play a major role in photosynthesis where they carry H atom from 1 molecule to another?
Give an example of when coenzymes carry H atom from 1 molecule to another?
- NAD (Respiration)
- FAD (Krebs Cycle)
- NADH (Photosynthesis)
Why does the Krebs cycle perform an important role in cells?
- Breaks down macromolecules into smaller ones
-Produce H atoms that are carried by NAD to electron transfer chain + provide energy for oxidative phosphorylation
leads to the production of ATP provides energy for the cell
-Regenerates 4-carbon molecule that combines with acetyle coenzyme A, which would toherwise accumulate
-Source of intermediate compounds used by cells
What coenzymes carry H atoms to oxidative phosphorylation?
NAD
FAD
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The mechanism by which some energy of the energy electrons within H atoms is conserved in the formation of ATP
Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Mitochondria