chapter 12

Question 1

501(c) group

Answer 1

To be tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, an organization must be organized and operated exclusively for exempt purposes set forth in section 501(c)(3), and none of its earnings may inure to any private shareholder or individual

Question 2

527 political committees

Answer 2

527-organization or 527 group is a type of U.S. tax-exempt organization organized under Section 527 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 527). A 527 group is created primarily to influence the selection, nomination, election, appointment or defeat of candidates to federal, state or local public office

Question 3

Barack Obama

Answer 3

Barack Hussein Obama II is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to be elected to the presidency. He previously served as a Senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008

Question 4

Bernie Sanders

Answer 4

DescriptionBernard Sanders is an American politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Vermont since 2007

Question 5

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

Answer 5

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA, McCain–Feingold Act, Pub.L. 107–155, 116 Stat. 81, enacted March 27, 2002, H.R. 2356) is a United States federal law that amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974, which regulates the financing of political campaigns

Question 6

campaign consultant

Answer 6

Political consultants sometimes act as political strategists, a senior political consultant who promote the election of certain candidates or the interests of certain groups. This is achieved by planning campaign strategies, coordinating campaign staffers, and arranging events to publicize candidates or causes

Question 7

campaign manager

Answer 7

campaign manager oversees all aspects of the campaign including day-to-day operations, the hiring and management of staff, the coordination and implementation of the fundraising operations and ongoing coordination with the candidate

Question 8

citizens united V. FEC

Answer 8

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310, is a landmark U.S. constitutional law, campaign finance, and corporate law case dealing with regulation of political campaign spending by organizations

Question 9

closed primary

Answer 9

A type of direct primary limited to registered party members, who must declare their party affiliation in order to vote. The closed primary serves to encourage party unity and prevent members of other parties from infiltrating and voting to nominate weak candidates

Question 10

communications director

Answer 10

Director of communications is a position in both the private and public sectors. A director of communications is responsible for managing and directing an organization’s internal and external communications

Question 11

contrast ad

Answer 11

Advertising on behalf of a candidate that attacks the opponent’s platform or character. Term. Contrast Ad. Definition. Ad that compares the records and proposals of the candidates, with a bias toward the sponsor

Question 12

conventional political participation

Answer 12

Some examples include voting, attending a rally, signing a petition or sending a letter to a representative. Most Americans engage in some level of political participation, though there are varying levels. Generally speaking, there are three different types of political participation

Question 13

crossover voting

Answer 13

In primary elections in the United States, crossover voting refers to a behavior in which voters cast ballots for a party with which they are not traditionally affiliated.

Question 14

Donald j. trump

Answer 14

Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality. Trump was born and raised in the New York City borough of Queens

Question 15

elector

Answer 15

a person who has the right to vote in an election.

Question 16

electorate

Answer 16

all the people in a country or area who are entitled to vote in an election.

Question 17

Electorate college

Answer 17

Electoral College consists of 538 electors. A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President. Your state’s entitled allotment of electors equals the number of members in its Congressional delegation: one for each member in the House of Representatives plus two for your Senators

Question 18

federal election campaigned act

Answer 18

The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA, Pub.L. 92–225, 86 Stat. 3, enacted February 7, 1972, 52 U.S.C. § 30101 et seq.) is the primary United States federal law regulating political campaign spending and fundraising. The law originally focused on increased disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns

Question 19

federal election commission

Answer 19

The Federal Election Commission is an independent regulatory agency whose purpose is to enforce campaign finance law in United States federal elections

Question 20

finance chair

Answer 20

The finance committee chair is most often the board treasurer, whose specific duties are usually described in the organization’s bylaws

Question 21

front-loading

Answer 21

distribute or allocate (costs, effort, etc.) unevenly, with the greater proportion at the beginning of the enterprise or process

Question 22

general election

Answer 22

a regular election of candidates for office, as opposed to a primary election.

Question 23

get-out-the-vote

Answer 23

Get out the vote” describes efforts aimed at increasing the voter turnout in elections. In countries that do not have or enforce compulsory voting, voter turnout can be low, sometimes even below a third of the eligible voter pool.

Question 24

help america vote act

Answer 24

Help America Vote Act. HAVA was passed by the U.S. Congress in 2002 to make sweeping reforms to the nation’s voting process. HAVA addresses improvements to voting systems and voter access that were identified following the 2000 election

Question 25

Hilary Clinton

Answer 25

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician, diplomat, lawyer, writer, and public speaker.

Question 26

incumbency

Answer 26

the holding of an office or the period during which one is held.

Question 27

independent expenditures

Answer 27

An independent expenditure, in elections in the United States, is a political campaign communication that expressly advocates for the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate that is not made in cooperation, consultation or concert with or at the request or suggestion of a candidate, candidate’s authorized

Question 28

initiative

Answer 28

the ability to assess and initiate things independently.

Question 29

inoculation

Answer 29

the action of inoculating or of being inoculated; vaccination

Question 30

mandate

Answer 30

an official order or commission to do something.

Question 31

matching funds

Answer 31

Matching funds are funds that are set to be paid in equal amount to funds available from other sources. Matching fund payments usually arise in situations of charity or public good. The terms cost sharing, in-kind, and matching can be used interchangeably but refer to different types of donations

Question 32

McCutcheon v. FEC

Answer 32

McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission, 572 U.S. 185, is a landmark campaign finance decision of the United States Supreme Court.

Question 33

mid-term election

Answer 33

the 2018 United States elections were held Tuesday, November 6, 2018. These midterm elections took place in the middle of Republican President Donald Trump’s term. Thirty-five of the 100 seats in the United States Senate and all 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives were contested

Question 34

Negative ad

Answer 34

In political campaigns, an attack ad is an advertisement whose message is designed to wage a personal attack against an opposing candidate or political party in order to gain support for the attacking candidate and attract voters

Question 35

open primary

Answer 35

a primary election in which voters are not required to declare party affiliation.

Question 36

political action committee

Answer 36

(in the US) an organization that raises money privately to influence elections or legislation, especially at the federal level

Question 37

pollster

Answer 37

a person who conducts or analyzes opinion polls.

Question 38

positive ad

Answer 38

Car advertisements are another example of positive and negative advertising, often within the same ad. … The advertisement then shifts to the car it is trying to sell and a positive switch occurs.

Question 39

presidential coattails

Answer 39

The tendency for a popular political party leader to attract votes for other candidates of the same party in an election. For example, the party of a victorious presidential candidate will often win many seats in Congress as well; these congressmen are voted into office “on the coattails” of the president

Question 40

press secretary

Answer 40

The White House Press Secretary is a senior White House official whose primary responsibility is to act as spokesperson for the executive branch of the United States government administration, especially with regard to the President, senior executives, and policies

Question 41

primary election

Answer 41

A primary election is the process by which voters, either the general public (open primary) or members of a political party (closed primary), can indicate their preference for a candidate in an upcoming general election or by-election, thus narrowing the field of candidates

Question 42

prospective judgment

Answer 42

retrospective judgement. a voter’s evaluation of the performance of the party in power. prospective judgement. a voter’s evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected

Question 43

public funds

Answer 43

Public fund refers to the funds of every political division of a state wherein taxes are levied for public purposes. The term public fund also covers: 1. the revenue or money of a government, state, or municipal corporation

Question 44

reappointment

Answer 44

Appointment refers to a position to which one is assigned, as by a high government official. Office often suggests a position of trust or authority. Post is usually restricted to a military or other public position, as of a diplomat, although it may also refer to a teaching position

Question 45

recall

Answer 45

officially order (someone) to return to a place.

Question 46

referendum

Answer 46

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision

Question 47

retrospective judgment

Answer 47

retrospective judgement. a voter’s evaluation of the performance of the party in power. prospective judgement. a voter’s evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected. electorate

Question 48

runoff primary

Answer 48

a second primary election held in some states to decide which of the two highest candidates for an office in the first primary will be awarded the party nomination.

Question 49

super PAC

Answer 49

a type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates

Question 50

turn out

Answer 50

go somewhere in order to do something, especially to attend a meeting, to play a game, or to vote

Question 51

thomas jefferson

Answer 51

Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he had been elected the second Vice President of the United States, serving under John Adams from 1797 to 1801

Question 52

unconventional political participation

Answer 52

Generally speaking, there are three different types of political participation. The first is conventional participation, which includes traditional or expected political participation, such as voting

Question 53

voter canvas

Answer 53

Canvassing is the systematic initiation of direct contact with individuals, commonly used during political campaigns. Campaigners will knock on doors or make telephone calls (also known as phone-banking) to engage in personalized contact with an individual