Chapter 12

Question 1

X-rays that exit the patient and interact with the image receptor

Answer 1

Image-forming x-rays

Question 2

x-rays that remain as the useful beam exits the patient

Answer 2

exit x-ray beam

Question 3

medium that convert x-ray beam into visible image

Answer 3

image receptor

Question 4

emulsion coated on both sides of a film is called the:

Answer 4

double-emulsion film

Question 5

Ensures uniform adhesion of the emulsion to the base

Answer 5

adhesive layer

Question 6

the protective covering of gelatin which encloses the emulsion

Answer 6

overcoat

Question 7

thickness of a radiographic film

Answer 7

150-300 micrometer

Question 8

the foundation of a radiographic film

Answer 8

base

Question 9

property of the base

Answer 9

dimensional stability

Question 10

added to the base of the film to prevent eye strain

Answer 10

dye

Question 11

original radiographic film

Answer 11

glass plate

Question 12

types of radiographic film base:

Answer 12

1. glass plate
2. cellulose nitrate
3. cellulose triacetate
4. polyester

Question 13

the standard base, this base is flammable

Answer 13

cellulose nitrate

Question 14

known as the “safety base”, has the same property with the standard base but its not flammable

Answer 14

cellulose triacetate

Question 15

the film base choice, it is more resistant to warping from age and is stronger than cellulose triacetate, also permits easier transport through automatic processors

Answer 15

polyester

Question 16

the heart of the radiographic film

Answer 16

emulsion

Question 17

emulsion consists of two homogenous mixture

Answer 17

gelatin

silver halide crystals

Question 18

thickness of a film emulsion

Answer 18

3-5 micrometer

Question 19

the active ingredient of the radiogragic emulsion

Answer 19

silver halide crystals

Question 20

silver halide crystal

Answer 20

silver bromide 98%

silver iodide 2%

Question 21

atomic numbers

Answer 21

iodide = 53
bromide = 35
silver = 47
gelatin = 7

Question 22

types of silver halide composition

Answer 22

1. tabaular
2. cubic
3. octahedral
4. polyhedral
5. irregular shapes

Question 23

most common grain of the silver halide crystal used in the film emulsion

Answer 23

tabular grain

Question 24

silver halide crystals are made through:

Answer 24

dissolving mettalic silver (Ag) in nitric acid (HNO3)to form SILVER NITRATE (AgNO3)

silver bromide (AgBr) is made through mixing SILVER NITRATE and POTASSIUM BROMIDE (KBr)

Question 25

the imperfection of the film is thought to be responsible is a chemical contaminant called the

Answer 25

silver sulfide

Question 26

The contaminant “silver sulfide” is also known as the

Answer 26

sensitivity center

Question 27

this is where the photoelectrons and silver ions interact to combine

Answer 27

latent imaging center

Question 28

direct exposure film contains thicker emulsion which explains why DE film is superior/ has greater detail than in a double emulsion film

Answer 28

the size and the concentration of the SHC affects the film speed

Question 29

high contrast emulsion consist of SMALLER silver halide crystals

Answer 29

low contrast consist of larger grains

Question 30

larger grains emulsion are more sensitive than SMALL-GRAIN EMULSION

Answer 30

take note

Question 31

3 critical characteristics of a crossover layer

Answer 31

1. absorbs most of the crossover light
2. does not diffuse into the emulsion but remains as a separate layer
3. completely removed during processing