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A&P I - Test 6 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Define sensation

A

Conscious or unconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli

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2
Q

Define perception

A

Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations

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3
Q

Define sensory receptor

A

Specialized structures at the end of peripheral nerves that respond to stimuli

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4
Q

What do Mechanoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in pressure ( touch, vibrations, stretch)

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5
Q

What do Thermoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in temperature

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6
Q

What do Photoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in light

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7
Q

What do Chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in chemical concentrations

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8
Q

What do Nociceptors respond to

A

Extreme stimuli producing the sensation of pain

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9
Q

Define sensory adaptation

A
  • Process by which a sensory receptor becomes less stimulated following continuous stimulation
  • Occurs due to either: Decreased response from receptors or cerebral cortex
  • E.x.: Loud music become tolerable.
  • Exception is nociceptors (Pain by over stimulation of a receptor)
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10
Q

What are somatic senses?

A

They are the receptors associated with skin, muscle,joints, and the viscera.

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11
Q

What are the three groups of somatic senses?

A
  • Exteroceptive Sense: Detects changes at the body’s surface
  • Proprioceptive Sense: Detects changes in body’s position
  • Visceroceptor Sense: Detect changes in viscera (pain)
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12
Q

What are the three main receptors associated with Touch and Pressure?

A
  • Free nerve endings
  • Meissner’s Corpuscles
  • Pacinian Corpuscles
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13
Q

Where are free nerve endings found?

A

Located in epithelium and connective tissue

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of Meissner’s Corpuscles?

A
  • Dendritic endings
  • Surrounded by Connective Tissue
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Light touch (in lips,palms,soles,fingertips)
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15
Q

What are some characteristics of Pacinian Corpuscles?

A
  • Dendritic endings
  • Surrounded by Connective tissue
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Heavy Pressure ( abundant in deep dermal layer)
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16
Q

Discuss the two types of temperature receptors

A

Heat Receptors : sensitive to temperatures above 25°C
unresponsive at temperatures above 45°C (will trigger pain)

Cold Receptors : Sensitive to temperatures between
10°C and 20°C (Below 10°C triggers pain)
Both display rapid sensory adaptation

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of Nociceptors?

A
  • Detect pain
  • Serves to protect against further tissue damage
  • Can be activated by many different stimuli (temp,pressure, chemoreceptors)
  • Generally do not display sensory adaptation
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18
Q

What are some characteristics of Visceral Pain?

A
  • Visceral receptors produce the sensations
  • Commonly stimulated by pressure and/or a decrease in Oxygen
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19
Q

What is reffered pain?

A
  • Pain that feels as if it is originated from a part other than the site being stimulated
  • Due to shared nerve pathway
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20
Q

What are characteristics of Acute Pain?

A
  • Occurs Rapidly
  • Not present in deep tissue
  • Sharp,fast, “prickling” pain
  • Conducted on myelinated fibers
  • Ceases when stimulus is removed
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21
Q

What are characteristics of Chronic Pain?

A
  • Beings slowly and increases in intensity over time
  • Can occur anyway
  • Dull, aching, burning pain
  • Conducted on unmyelinated fibers
  • Can continue after stimulus is removed
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22
Q

Define inappropriate pain

A

pain sensations that are not warning about impending tissue damage

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23
Q

What are Analgesics?

A
  • Help reduce inappropriate pain by blocking formation of prostaglandins such as:
  • Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin), Acetaminophen (Tylenol), Ibuprofen (Motrin)
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24
Q

What are stretch Receptors?

A

Proprioceptors that send information to spinal cord and brain
concerning the position and tension of a given muscle.

25
Q

What are characteristics of Muscle Spindles? (In reference to Stretch Receptors)

A
  • Located in skeletal muscle
  • Stimulated when skeletal muscle relaxes (elongates) and therefore the spindle is stretched
  • Produces the “stretch reflex”
  • Opposes the lengthening of the muscle and help maintain the desired position of a limb
26
Q

What are characteristics of Golgi Tendon Organs? (In reference to Stretch Receptors)

A
  • Found at tendons
  • Connected to skeletal muscle fibers and innervated by a sensory neuron
  • High threshold and stimulated by increased tension
  • Help maintain posture and prevents tearing of tendon
27
Q

What are the four tastes of the tongue?

A
  1. Sweet- tip of tongue
  2. Sour- lateral tongue
  3. Salt - perimeter of tongue
  4. Bitter -posterior tongue
28
Q

What are the different areas of the ear?

A
  1. External Ear
  2. Middle Ear
  3. Inner Ear
29
Q

What are the structures of the external ear?

A
  • Auricle: represents the outer ear ; comprised of cartilage
  • External auditory meatus : an S shaped tube that leads to the tympanic membrane (canal)
30
Q

What are the structures of the middle ear?

A
  • Tympanic membrane: eardrum
  • Tympanic cavity: air filled space behind the eardrum separates the outer/inner ear (within are the auditory ossicles)
31
Q

What are the structures of the inner ear?

A
  • Complex system of interconnected chambers and tubes called labyrinths
  • Body labyrinth
  • Membranous labyrinth
32
Q

List the three auditory ossicles and give a definition.

A
  • Malleus (hammer): connected to the tympanic membrane
  • Incus (anvil): connects the malleus to the stapes
  • Stapes (stirrup): connects the incus to the oval window
33
Q

What is the function of the Middle Ear?

A
  1. Transmission of vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear
  2. Amplification of the vibrations
34
Q

What is the Tympanic Reflex?

A
  • A reflex that reduces pressure from loud sounds that could produce damage
  • During the reflex, the muscles contract, moving the malleus and stapes; this reduces the ability of the ossicles to transmit vibrations
35
Q

Where does the tensor tympani attach and what happens when contacted?

A
  • Attaches to the malleus and the auditory tube
  • When contracted, it pulls the malleus inward
36
Q

Where does the Stapedius attach and what happened when contracted?

A
  • Attaches the stapes and tympanic and tympanic cavity.
  • When contacted pull the stapes outward
37
Q

What is the Auditory Tube?

A
  • A passage way which connects the middle ear to the throat.
  • Function: to equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane, which is necessary for proper hearing.
38
Q

What is the oval window?

A

An opening in the wall of the tympanic cavity which the stapes is attached to.

39
Q

Where are perilymph contain?

A

Fluid that fills the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths

40
Q

Where are endolymph contain?

A

Fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth

41
Q

What are the three parts of the Labyrinths?

A
  1. Cochlea: snail shaped ports that functions in hearing
  2. Semicircular canals: 3 rings that help provide dynamic equilibrium
  3. Vestibule: located between the cochlea and semicircular canals; houses membranous structures that serve both hearing and equilibrium
42
Q

Where is the scala vestibuli located?

A

Upper compartment which extends from the oval window to the apex.
(filled with perilymph)

43
Q

Where is the scala tympani located?

A

Lower compartment which extends from the apex to the round window
(filled with perilymph)

44
Q

What is the cochlear duct? (Inner Ear)

A

A portion of the membranous labyrinth within the cochlea between two bony
compartments.
(Filled with endolymph)

45
Q

What separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli membrane?

A

Vestibular membrane

46
Q

What separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani?

A

Basilar membrane

47
Q

What is the sensory receptor for the ear?

A
  • Hair cells (mechanoreceptors)
  • Located on the basilar membrane within the Organ of Corti
  • Above the hairs cell is the tectorial membrane, contacts top of the hair cell
48
Q

What are the four rectus and what directions do they rotate the eye in?

A
  1. Superior rectus - rotates the eye up and toward the midline
  2. Inferior rectus - rotate the eye down and toward the midline
  3. Medial rectus - rotates the eye toward the midline
  4. Lateral rectus - rotates the eye away from the midline
49
Q

What are the two oblique of the eye and what direction do they rotate?

A
  • Superior oblique - rotates the eye down and away from the midline
  • Inferior oblique - rotates the eye up and away from the midline
50
Q

What is the area and function of the Outer Tunic?

A
  1. Cornea- transparent anterior portion.
  2. Function: focus incoming light rays, no blood vessels
  3. Sclera - is the white posterior portion that is continuous with the eyeball
  4. Function: Provide protection and site of extrinsic muscle attachment
51
Q

What is the area and function of the Middle Tunic?

A
  • Choroid coat - a membrane joined loosely to the sclera (contains many blood vessel to nourish)
  • Ciliary Body - extends from the choroid coat and forms a ring around the front of the eye (Ciliary muscles & Ciliary process)
  • Function: Provides nourishment
52
Q

What is the area and function of the Inner Tunic?

A
  • Retina and Rods
  • Cones - Color and sharpness
  • Optic disc - on the retina where the nerve fibers leave the eye and join w/ optic nerve
  • Function: Contains the sensory apparatus for impulse generation
53
Q

What is the Iris?

A
  • A thin diaphragm muscle that surround the pupil.
  • Located between the cornea and lens, divides the anterior cavity into 2 separate chambers
54
Q

What is the Retina

A
  • Organ of vision and lining of eyeball
  • Sensory receptors serves as photoreceptors
  • Use Optic Nerve to the visual cortex (occipital lobe)
55
Q

What is the Optic disc?

A
  • Located at inner tunic
  • Where retina nerve fibers leave the eye and join optic nerve
  • Blind spot (No photoreceptors)
56
Q

Describe Accommodation

A
  • Process by which the lens changes shape to focus on close objects
  • The lens, along with the cornea, is used for focusing incoming light rays
  • If light rays are entering the eye from a distant objects , the lens is flat
  • If entering from close object, ciliary muscle contract, relaxing suspensory ligs
57
Q

What are the accessory organs of vision?

A
  • eyelids: Prove a protective shield for the eye
  • Conjunctive: think, mucous membrane that lines inner surfaces of eyelids
58
Q

What are the lacrimal apparatus?

A
  • Lacrimal gland: Responsible for tears
  • Lacrimal sac: Between canaliculi and duct
  • Nasolacrimal Duct: Carries tears into nasal cavity
  • Superior and inferior canaliculi: small ducts that collect tears
59
Q

What are Photoreceptors?

A
  • Cones - color vision ; produces sharp images
  • Rods - night vision (colorless) ; outline of images

A&P I - Test 6 (3 decks)

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