chapter 12 Flashcards
_______________is a characteristic pattern of thinking, interacting, and reacting that
is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situations
Personality
A psychologist who studies the unique personality characteristics of individuals is
using __________________ approach to studying personality.
. an idiographic
Which of the following best illustrates the idiographic approach to personality
research?
performing a detailed study of the world’s most successful business person
) Dr. Mano is a personality researcher who is NOT interested in the particular
idiosyncrasies that make individuals unique. Instead, her research involves studying large
groups of people in order to make generalizations about the structure of personality. Dr.
Mano’s research is an example of
the nomothetic approach.
Creative, fair-minded, and impulsive are examples of ____________.
personality traits
A central principle of the trait perspective to personality is that
c. individuals can be understood based on how well specific traits describe them.
) A technique called _____________ is used to group items that people respond to
similarly.
. factor analysis
What technique do trait theorists use to identify groups or clusters of related
personality traits?
factor analysis
aymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by
using factor analysis.
) Which two researchers are associated with the Five Factor Model, also known as the
Big Five?
McCrae and Costa
The _______________ dimension of the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI- R)
describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy.
extraversion
Walter prefers to stay home on a Friday night and read a good book to hanging out
with other people. In fact, he tends to be fairly reclusive in general. If Walter took the
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI- R), he would likely have a low score on the
____________ dimension.
extraversion
Amir is constantly worrying about things, even though he really doesn’t have
anything to worry about. He is also very insecure and can become very upset when he
thinks his friends are making a joke about him. If Walter took the NEO Personality
Inventory (NEO-PI- R), he would likely have a ____________ score on the
____________ dimension.
high; neuroticism
Most of Candice’s relationships with other people are hostile. She frequently gets in
fights with strangers and even close friends. If Candice took the NEO Personality
Inventory
(NEO-PI- R), she would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension.
agreeableness
The _______________ dimension of the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI- R)
describes the extent to which people are imaginative and curious, or conventional and
“down-to- earth.”
openness
Marques loves to go to parties. While there, he can have a conversation with just
about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors would
Marques probably rate highly on based on this information?
extraversion
Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits?
d. OCEAN
Correct: The “Big Five” personality traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism. The first letters of each word spell out OCEAN. 495
Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of the Big Five?
sociableness
Research discussed in your textbook suggests that people on Facebook tend to
present themselves
accurately.
While psychologists do not typically refer to infants as having “personalities,” infants
do display personality-like attributes called _____________.
temperaments
Nancy is a three month old infant. Compared to other infants her age, she is fussy and
cries easily. Nancy’s behaviours would most accurately be described as the result of her
_____________.
temperament
Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament
and personality?
Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one’s personality is
built.
Which of the following best describes the personality of individuals as they age?
. The personalities of children and adolescents tend to change somewhat, but are very
stable by middle age.
One criticism of the trait theories of personality is that they
do not describe how states and situational factors can influence our behaviour.
Research indicates that locations, associations, activities, and subjective states are
four
situational influences that interact with personality to determine our behaviour.
Which perspective on personality development is most concerned with how one’s
learning history influences one’s future permanent, adult personality?
behaviourist
Allana is generally an outgoing person. A ____________ psychologist would be most
likely to suggest that Allana’s personality is the result of being reinforced for outgoing
behaviour by her parents, teachers, or other people she interacted with in the past.
behaviourist
The behavioural theories of personality development tend to focus on ____________.
learning
The role of reciprocal determinism in personality development was highlighted by the
_____________.
c. social-cognitive theorists
What is Albert Bandura’s term for the relationship among the three factors that
influence personality?
reciprocal determinism
In the context of social psychology, the acronym WEIRD stands for
. Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic
A potential issue with the majority of the research on personality is that the results
may only generalize to __________.
WEIRD people
) Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are
fairly consistent across many cultures.
Which of the following is true about cross-cultural differences in personality?
While most cultures share the same Big Five personality factors, the prevalence of
each trait often differs.
Which of the following is a potential issue associated with using standard tests for the
Big Five in cross-cultural personality research?
The research may miss other personality factors, not found in Western cultures
A concern with personal goals and a self-focused orientation are most characteristic
of those from ________ cultures.
individualistic
Joe works hard to avoid embarrassing himself or his family. Given what researchers
have found about people from different cultures, he is most likely from _____________.
China
) Which of these research methods would a psychologist be likely to employ to study
the influence of genetics on personality?
examining correlations in personality between pairs of identical and fraternal twins
The genetic correlation between identical twins raised in the same household is
typically around ______ for all of the big five personality factors.
50
Which research approach is probably the best for exploring the genetic contribution
to personality?
comparing identical twins who were reared apart
Identical twins reared apart will often have
similar personalities.
According to your textbook, one possible way genes might influence personality is by
affecting ______________.
brain chemicals
According to research discussed in your textbook, inheriting short copies of the
______________ transporter gene predisposes people to anxiety, shyness, and negative
emotional reactions in interpersonal situations.
serotonin
Which of the following is true about personality and nonhuman animals?
The Big Five personality traits have been found in many different species.
45) Compared to men, women tend to report ___________ levels of extraversion,
conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
higher
Your textbook argues that personality differences between men and women may be
due to ___________ factors.
economic
Levi lives in a relatively wealthy country, where most people have access to health
care and education. Which of the following is most likely true about personality gender
differences in Levi’s country compared to countries with fewer social and economic
resources?
Gender differences are more pronounced.
Which of the following is true about claims that women and men have different
personalities?
Which of the following is true about claims that women and men have different
personalities?
) Kosuke believes that a woman should not be president of the United States because
women are biologically predisposed to have “unpresidential” personalities. Which of the
following should you tell him?
Gender differences in personality exist, but are quite small and not necessarily
biological.
An Ancient Roman physician would be most likely to diagnosis a patient with a
melancholy (depressed) personality as
an imbalance in the bodily fluids known as humors.
Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile were collectively known as the four
____________.
humors
) Of the following, which is the oldest theory of personality?
humorism
Which test or technique would a phrenologist use to access an individual’s
personality?
examining the skull
According to Eysenck, who would have the LEAST reactive reticular activating system? a. Grace, who likes to read b. Tucker, who likes to fish c. Lily, who likes to talk d. Ben, who likes to surf
Ben, who likes to surf
According to Eysenck, people who have decreased reactivity in the limbic system
(the emotional circuits), reticular activating system, and cortex are more likely to be
______________.
extraverts
According to Eysenck, the reason why some people seek out exciting new social and
emotional experiences is that they
require relatively high levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions.
57) As part of a research study, Imani has the activity in both her prefrontal cortices
measured. After the study, the researchers tell her that her left prefrontal cortex is more
active than her right prefrontal cortex. While this certainly is not enough information
from which to draw any firm conclusions, it might suggest that Imani is more likely to
experience _____________.
c. positive emotions
In a research study discussed in your textbook, researchers found that ratings of the
Big Five personality factors corresponded to the _____________ specific brain regions.
size of
__________ is the personality theorist whose work is now reflected in the
psychodynamic schools of thought.
Sigmund Freud
Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people’s
unconscious motivations?
Psychodynamic
61) Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?
a. the preconscious mind
d. the unconscious
Which of the following is NOT a key assumption shared by psychodynamic theories?
When basic needs for love are met, human beings seek to achieve their fullest
potential.
Which of the following is one of the three components of the Freudian personality
structure?
Superego
The id is motivated by the desire for ____________.
instant gratification
Jamal has a very bad temper. He is notorious for lashing out at his friends when he
doesn’t get his way. According to Freud, what is dominating Jamal’s actions?
id
Which motto would best fit the id?
“If it feels good, then do it.”
Some authors relate Freud’s personality structure to an iceberg, saying that the
__________ is completely submerged in our unconscious.
id
According to Freud, the ego is the __________ of personality
realistic component
Justin passes a parked car that he likes. According to Freud’s view of the psyche,
which part of Justin’s personality convinces him to save his money for a few months so
he can buy the car?
ego
What structure serves as the moral component of one’s personality?
a. the actual self
superego
As you are preparing for your biology exam, you notice two of your classmates in the
library. After going to talk with them, you discover they are planning to cheat during
tomorrow’s exam. What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or
guilty if you also cheated on the exam?
superego
What is Freud’s term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality
for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?
defence mechanisms
According to Freud, defence mechanisms are unconscious attempts to reduce our
feelings of ___________.
anxiety
Eila is a 16-year- old girl. Her mom just got remarried to Brick, a strikingly handsome
and very kind man. Recently, Eila has begun to taunt Brick about his physique and even
tells her mom that she can’t stand him. Which defence mechanism is she exhibiting?
reaction formation
Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer. Mahmoud’s first response is that
there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests. Which defence
mechanism is at work here?
denial
When anxiety-provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious
awareness, such as not remembering lying to a parent, it is called ____________.
repression
During a grade school field trip, Ryan and his friends were running down a hill when
he stepped on a snake. He was unharmed but shaken by the experience. When one of his
friends mentioned the incident months later, Ryan could not remember running down the
hill that day. Freud would say that this is an example of __________.
repression
Anna is a morally rigorous person who demands that her daughter remain a virgin
until she is married. Anna cannot remember her own premarital sexual encounters. Which
defence mechanism would likely account for this memory lapse?
repression
If the frustration, conflict, and anxiety associated with a particular psychosexual stage
are not properly resolved, Freud believed children may
remain fixated, or stuck, at that stage.
You notice your classmate Hannah chewing on her pencil as she takes her
psychology final. Which psychosexual stage may not have been resolved?
oral
81) A newborn baby is in what stage of psychosexual development?
oral stage
According to Freud, habits such as fingernail biting or gum chewing could result
from a fixation in the __________ stage.
oral
A Freudian psychotherapist would assert that an alcoholic or a chain-smoker is stuck
in what stage of development?
Oral
Which order is correct for Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?
oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
The main conflict of the anal stage comes from
toilet training.
Stewie has developed strong feelings for his mother and views his father as a rival for
her attention. However, he is afraid that his father will find out and interfere with these
plans. Stewie is clearly immersed in the __________ stage.
phallic
The Oedipus complex is most likely experienced in the __________ stage.
phallic
The libido is dormant during the __________ stage.
latent
According to Freud, appropriate sexual and romantic relationships are only possible
when an individual has attained the ________ stage of psychosexual development.
genital
A person’s responses to a projective test are thought to reflect
unconscious thoughts and feelings.
When Anna looks at some modern artwork at the museum, she often thinks she sees
human figures or faces and likes to make up stories about them. When she tells the stories
to her friend, her friend says that the stories reflect Anna’s unconscious thoughts. In
psychological terms, what Anna does is most similar to _____________.
a projective test
Tony has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see.
What type of test would psychologists call this?
projective
Which of the following is a projective test?
Rorschach
Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand
personality?
Rorschach
What is one criticism of projective tests?
They have low validity and reliability.
Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or
more people in which it is unclear what is going on?
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
According to the authors, the key criteria for evaluating personality assessments are
reliability and validity.
Many projective assessment tools are often lacking in ____________.
validity
Who is not a psychodynamic personality theorist?
Carl Rogers
Freud placed much more emphasis on __________ than either Adler or Horney.
. sexuality
Which psychodynamic theorist introduced the concept of the inferiority complex
into discussions of psychological adjustment?
. Adler
102) Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and
the __________.
. collective
Jung’s theory suggests that the __________ is a collection of archetypes that
represent concepts or figures common to all cultures.
collective unconscious
Carl Jung suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images
shared by all people called ________.
archetypes
Which theorist emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious in
personality development?
Jung
What theorist strongly disagreed with Freud’s ideas about women and their feelings
of penis envy?
Horney
A key critique of Freud’s theory of personality is that
Much of it cannot be falsified.
Which of the following is a limitation of the psychodynamic perspective that stems
from the fact that Freud based much of his original theory a handful of patients?
His observations may not apply to the wider population of healthy, ordinary people
from a variety of backgrounds.
One of the most well-known humanistic theorists was ____________.
Carl Rogers
) According to Carl Rogers’ ________________ perspective, people are basically
good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally.
person-centred
Luisa believes that people are generally good at heart and that they usually do the
right thing if you give them a chance. Which psychological perspective is most likely to
appeal to her?
humanistic
