Chapter 12

Question 1

Tokenism

Answer 1

performing positive actions towards members of a minority or disadvantaged groups as a reaction to the discrimination they suffer. May be a genuine attempt to counteract prejudice or an attempt to deflect the charge of prejudice.

Question 2

Affirmative action

Answer 2

a collective name for policies designed to promote the employment of people from disadvantaged minority groups

Question 3

positive feedback bias

Answer 3

the process of giving more positive feedback, or less critical feedback on work that is belived to have been preformed by a member of a minorty group rather than a member of a majority group

Question 4

reverse discrimination

Answer 4

sometimes people will attempt to deflect accusations of prejudice by being openly/publically prejudice towards people in minority groups

Question 5

conflict theory

Answer 5

originally Allport’s conception that bringing members of opposing groups together will improve intergroup relations, reduce prejudice and reduce discrimination

Question 6

extended contact theory

Answer 6

finding that people are less prejudice if they are friends with an ingroup member who they know to have good friendships with outgroup members

Question 7

imagined contact effect

Answer 7

merely imagining positive encounters with people of minority groups will make you feel more positive towards that group

Question 8

decategorization

Answer 8

group members emphasize individual personal differences rather than group identity

Question 9

common ingroup identity model

Answer 9

categorization based approach to prejudice reduction asserting that common ingroup identity will improve intergroup relations

Question 10

recategorization

Answer 10

group members emphasize a common ingroup

Question 11

crossed categorization

Answer 11

categorizing one’s self or someone else on more than one dimension at the same time can reduce the perception of differences between groups

Question 12

mutual differentiation model

Answer 12

model arguing that people are committed to some subordinate groups and experience distinctiveness threat when a superordinate identity looks as though it may replace distinctive subordinate groups

Question 13

social identity complexity

Answer 13

the extent to which a person’s important social identities or group memberships overlap with each other

Question 14

multiculturalism

Answer 14

the ideology that diversity in society should be acknowledged and celebrated

Question 15

assimilationism/integrationism/colour blindness

Answer 15

the idea that diversity in a society should be downplayed and attempts should be made to downplay differences between groups

Question 16

feeling thermometer

Answer 16

a rating scale (resembling a thermometer) designed to measure feelings of warmth or coldness towards people of different groups

Question 17

rebound effect of thought suppression

Answer 17

the finding that after suppressing an unwanted thought, it can come back stronger than before

Question 18

ironic monitoring

Answer 18

the idea that monitoring mental content for signs of unwanted thoughts can ironically activate the unwanted thought

Question 19

bargaining

Answer 19

conflicting parties seek an end to the conflict through a process of negotiation

Question 20

mediation

Answer 20

conflicting parties seek an end to the conflict by negotiating with the aid of a third independent party

Question 21

arbitration

Answer 21

conflicting parties seek an end to the conflict with the aid of a third independent party who studies the situation and imposes a settlement

Question 22

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction (GRIT)

Answer 22

a conflict reduction technique that relies on both groups reciprocating a series of de-escalating actions

Question 23

collective action

Answer 23

the pursuit of goals by more than one person. Specifically, it is the coordinated actions of disadvantaged group members in order to change intergroup relations.