Chapter 12 Flashcards
Immunities
three lines of defense which are multilevel networks of innate nonspecific protections
First Line of Defense
barriers that black invasion at portal of entry can be physical or chemical
Second line of defense
Protective cells, fluids, inflammation and phagocytosis
Ex) fever and antimicrobial protiens
Third line of defense
white blood cells AKA lymphocytes
long term immunity, specific
B and T cells
desquarnated
flushing effect of sweat glands helps remove microbes
lysozome
in tears and salive
an enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in cell wall of bacteria
immunology
the study of all features of the body’s second and third line of defenses
Healthy immune system responsibilities
surveillance
recognition of foreign materials
destructions of entities deemed foreign
search-recognize-destroy
immune system responsibilities
markers
surface chemicals immune systems uses to evaluate self form non self cells
pathogen associated molecular patters (PAMP)
`molecules on surface of many types of microbes that re NOT present on host cells they mark microbe as foreign
pattern recognition receptors
molecules on surface of host defense cells that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns
mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
collection of monocytes and macrohages scattered throughout extracellular spaces that function to engulf and degrade foreign molecules
they can migrate to lymphatic system
ECF
extracellular fluid
lymphatic system
compartmentalized network of vessels, cells and specialized organs with special lymph that is filtered through nodes
Functions of lymphatic system 1
provide route for return of ECF to circulatory system
Functions of lymphatic system 2
“drain off” system for inflammatory response
Functions of lymphatic system 3
render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes and antibodies
Bloodstream vs Lymphatic system (main two differences)
lymph system is one direction only (because of main function to return lymph fluid into circulation)
lymph is moved by contraction of skeletal muscles NOT a pump (heart)
thymus
site of maturation of T cells then travel to reside in other nodes throughout body
lymph nodes
small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs stationed all over
Main locations for lymph nodes
axillary, inguinal, cervical regions
thoracic and abdominal cavaties
spleen
upper left portion of abdominal cavity
filters BLOOD NOT LYMPH
removes worn out blood cells and pathogens via phagocytosis by macrophages
gut-associated lymphoid tissue
AKA GALT
lymphoid tissue in intestinal tract
examples are appendix, lacteals (inside each pillus)
peyers patches an illeum
substance in arteries (BLOOD)
consists of whole blood, blood cells and plasma (serum)
hematopoiesis
production of a blood cells
stem cells
undifferentiated cells and primary precursor to new blood cells
erythrocytes
red blood cells
thrombocytes
white blood cells
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
a substance from macrophages, lymphocytes and other cells that increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis and stimulates other cells to secrete inflammatory cytokines. It also serves as an endogenous pyrogen that induces fever increases blood coagulation, supresses bone marrow and suppresses appetite
Interferons (IFNs)
produced by leukocytes fibroblasts and other cells inhibit virus replication and cell division and increase the action of certain lymphocytes that kill other cells. Interferons also reduce the amount of cholesterol in the body because cholesterol is used by bacteria and vruses as a nutrient that provides more innate protection
interleukin-1 (IL-1)
a product of macrophages and dendritic cells that has many of the same biological activities as TNF, such as inducing fever adn activation of certian white blood cells
interferon gamma
a T cell derived mediator who’s primary function is to activate macrophages. It also promotes the differentiation of T and B cells, activates neutrophils and stimulates diapedesis
interleukin 5 activates
eosinophils and B cells
interleukin 10 inhibits
macrophages and stimulates B cells
interleukin 12 activates
T cells and killer cells
histamine
a vasoactive mediator produced by mast cells and basophils causes vasodilation increased vascular permeability and mucus production. It functions primarily in inflammation and allergy
serotonin
a mediator produced by platelets and intestinal cells, causes smooth muscle contraction inhibits gastric secretion and acts as a neurotransmitter
Bradykinin
a vasoactive amine from the blood or tissues, stimulates smooth muscle contraction and increases vasuclar permeability, mucus production and pain. It is particularly active in allergic reactions
Interleukin 2
primary growth factor from T cells
prostaglandins
produced by most body cells; complex chemical mediators that can have opposing effects (dilation or constricion of blood vessels) and are powerful stimulants of inflammation and pain
leukotrienes
stimulte the contraction of smooth muscles and enhance vascular permeability. They are implicated in more severe manifestations of immediate allergies
platelet-activating factor
a substance released form basophils, causes the aggregation of platelets and the release of other chemical mediators during immediate allergic reactions.
miscellaneous inflammatory mediators
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
platelet activating factor
cytokines that activate specific immune reactions
interferon gamma
vasoactive mediators
histamine
serotonin
bradykinin
nonspecific mediators of inflammation and immunity
tmor necrosis factor (TNF) interferons (IFNs) interleukin 1 (IL-1)
general activities of phagocytes 1
1 survey tissue compartments and discover microbes particular matter and injured/dead cells
ex) dust, carbon particles, antigen-antibody complexes
general activities of phagocytes 2`
ingest and eliminate these materials
general activities of phagocytes 3`
extract immunogenic info (antigens) from foreign matter
neutrophils
mature granulocyte present in peripheral circulation present in bacerial infection a phagocytic cell
neutrophilia
high neutrophil count in blood
monocytes
a large mononuclear leukocyte normally found in nodes, spleen, bone, bone marrow and loose connective tissue 3-7% of leukocytes
macrophages
white blood cells derived form monocytes, leaves circulation enters tissues
role of macrophages
important in nonspecific phagocytosis and in regulating, stimulating and cleaning up after immune response
histiocytes
specialized macrophages live in tissue whole life
where histiocytes are found
alveolar macrophages, kupffer cells in liver, dendritic cells in skin, macrophages in spleen, nodes bone marrow bonde kidney and brain
events of phagocytosis
chemotaxis adhesion engulfment phagosome phagolysosome killing and destruction release of residual `
inflammasomes
large protien in phagocytic cells that contain pattern recognition receptors to help these cells initiate inflammatory response
PRR
pattern recognition receptors
steps of inflammation
rubor calor tumor dolor loss of funtion
rubor
redness
calor
warmth
tumor
swelling
dolor
pain
chief functions of inflammation 1
mobilize and attract immune components to site of injury
chief functions of inflammation 2`
set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances
chief functions of inflammation 3
destroy microbes and block further invasion
cytokines
regulatory chemicals released by cells of the immune system that serve as signal between
different cells
major functional types of categorization cytokines
- cytokines that mediate nonspecific immune reactions such as inflammation and phagocytosis,
- cytokines that activate immune reactions during inflammation,
- vasoactive mediators,
- cytokines that regulate the growth and activation of lymphocytes,
- hematopoiesis factors for white blood cells, and
- miscellaneous inflammatory mediators.
Stages of inflammation
1 injury immediate response
2 vascular reactions
3 edema and pus formation
4resolution/scar formation
diapedesis
migration of WBC to site of injury
pyrogens
substance that causes a rise in body temp
complement
in immunology serum protein components taht act in a definitne sequence when set in motion either by an antigen-antibody comples or by factors of the alternative pathway
complement cascade
C3 hydrolysis
C3b cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b C5b, C6, C7,C8 and C9 together form the membrane attack complex (MAC) cell swells and bursts
antimicrobial peptides
are short protiens 12 to 50 amino acids taht have the capability of inserting themselves into bacterial membranes
names of antimicrobial proteins
defensin
magainins
protegrins
order of events in phagocytosis
chemotaxis
endocytosis
destruction
excretion
correct order for stages of complement activation
initiation
amplification
polymerization
membrane attack
components of second line of defense
fever
antimicrobial proteins
inflammation
phagocytosis
benefits of fever
increased levels of phagocytosis stimulation of hematopoiesis inhibited growth of temperature sensitive microbes stimulation of host immune reactions increased hots metablolism
