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Chapter 12: Host Defenses > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunities

A

three lines of defense which are multilevel networks of innate nonspecific protections

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2
Q

First Line of Defense

A

barriers that black invasion at portal of entry can be physical or chemical

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3
Q

Second line of defense

A

Protective cells, fluids, inflammation and phagocytosis

Ex) fever and antimicrobial protiens

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4
Q

Third line of defense

A

white blood cells AKA lymphocytes
long term immunity, specific
B and T cells

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5
Q

desquarnated

A

flushing effect of sweat glands helps remove microbes

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6
Q

lysozome

A

in tears and salive

an enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in cell wall of bacteria

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7
Q

immunology

A

the study of all features of the body’s second and third line of defenses

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8
Q

Healthy immune system responsibilities

A

surveillance
recognition of foreign materials
destructions of entities deemed foreign

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9
Q

search-recognize-destroy

A

immune system responsibilities

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10
Q

markers

A

surface chemicals immune systems uses to evaluate self form non self cells

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11
Q

pathogen associated molecular patters (PAMP)

A

`molecules on surface of many types of microbes that re NOT present on host cells they mark microbe as foreign

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12
Q

pattern recognition receptors

A

molecules on surface of host defense cells that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns

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13
Q

mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

A

collection of monocytes and macrohages scattered throughout extracellular spaces that function to engulf and degrade foreign molecules
they can migrate to lymphatic system

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14
Q

ECF

A

extracellular fluid

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15
Q

lymphatic system

A

compartmentalized network of vessels, cells and specialized organs with special lymph that is filtered through nodes

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16
Q

Functions of lymphatic system 1

A

provide route for return of ECF to circulatory system

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17
Q

Functions of lymphatic system 2

A

“drain off” system for inflammatory response

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18
Q

Functions of lymphatic system 3

A

render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes and antibodies

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19
Q

Bloodstream vs Lymphatic system (main two differences)

A

lymph system is one direction only (because of main function to return lymph fluid into circulation)
lymph is moved by contraction of skeletal muscles NOT a pump (heart)

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20
Q

thymus

A

site of maturation of T cells then travel to reside in other nodes throughout body

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21
Q

lymph nodes

A

small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs stationed all over

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22
Q

Main locations for lymph nodes

A

axillary, inguinal, cervical regions

thoracic and abdominal cavaties

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23
Q

spleen

A

upper left portion of abdominal cavity
filters BLOOD NOT LYMPH
removes worn out blood cells and pathogens via phagocytosis by macrophages

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24
Q

gut-associated lymphoid tissue

A

AKA GALT
lymphoid tissue in intestinal tract
examples are appendix, lacteals (inside each pillus)
peyers patches an illeum

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25
Q

substance in arteries (BLOOD)

A

consists of whole blood, blood cells and plasma (serum)

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26
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of a blood cells

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27
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells and primary precursor to new blood cells

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28
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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29
Q

thrombocytes

A

white blood cells

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30
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

a substance from macrophages, lymphocytes and other cells that increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis and stimulates other cells to secrete inflammatory cytokines. It also serves as an endogenous pyrogen that induces fever increases blood coagulation, supresses bone marrow and suppresses appetite

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31
Q

Interferons (IFNs)

A

produced by leukocytes fibroblasts and other cells inhibit virus replication and cell division and increase the action of certain lymphocytes that kill other cells. Interferons also reduce the amount of cholesterol in the body because cholesterol is used by bacteria and vruses as a nutrient that provides more innate protection

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32
Q

interleukin-1 (IL-1)

A

a product of macrophages and dendritic cells that has many of the same biological activities as TNF, such as inducing fever adn activation of certian white blood cells

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33
Q

interferon gamma

A

a T cell derived mediator who’s primary function is to activate macrophages. It also promotes the differentiation of T and B cells, activates neutrophils and stimulates diapedesis

34
Q

interleukin 5 activates

A

eosinophils and B cells

35
Q

interleukin 10 inhibits

A

macrophages and stimulates B cells

36
Q

interleukin 12 activates

A

T cells and killer cells

37
Q

histamine

A

a vasoactive mediator produced by mast cells and basophils causes vasodilation increased vascular permeability and mucus production. It functions primarily in inflammation and allergy

38
Q

serotonin

A

a mediator produced by platelets and intestinal cells, causes smooth muscle contraction inhibits gastric secretion and acts as a neurotransmitter

39
Q

Bradykinin

A

a vasoactive amine from the blood or tissues, stimulates smooth muscle contraction and increases vasuclar permeability, mucus production and pain. It is particularly active in allergic reactions

40
Q

Interleukin 2

A

primary growth factor from T cells

41
Q

prostaglandins

A

produced by most body cells; complex chemical mediators that can have opposing effects (dilation or constricion of blood vessels) and are powerful stimulants of inflammation and pain

42
Q

leukotrienes

A

stimulte the contraction of smooth muscles and enhance vascular permeability. They are implicated in more severe manifestations of immediate allergies

43
Q

platelet-activating factor

A

a substance released form basophils, causes the aggregation of platelets and the release of other chemical mediators during immediate allergic reactions.

44
Q

miscellaneous inflammatory mediators

A

prostaglandins
leukotrienes
platelet activating factor

45
Q

cytokines that activate specific immune reactions

A

interferon gamma

46
Q

vasoactive mediators

A

histamine
serotonin
bradykinin

47
Q

nonspecific mediators of inflammation and immunity

A 
tmor necrosis factor (TNF)
interferons (IFNs)
interleukin 1 (IL-1)
48
Q

general activities of phagocytes 1

A

1 survey tissue compartments and discover microbes particular matter and injured/dead cells
ex) dust, carbon particles, antigen-antibody complexes

49
Q

general activities of phagocytes 2`

A

ingest and eliminate these materials

50
Q

general activities of phagocytes 3`

A

extract immunogenic info (antigens) from foreign matter

51
Q

neutrophils

A

mature granulocyte present in peripheral circulation present in bacerial infection a phagocytic cell

52
Q

neutrophilia

A

high neutrophil count in blood

53
Q

monocytes

A

a large mononuclear leukocyte normally found in nodes, spleen, bone, bone marrow and loose connective tissue 3-7% of leukocytes

54
Q

macrophages

A

white blood cells derived form monocytes, leaves circulation enters tissues

55
Q

role of macrophages

A

important in nonspecific phagocytosis and in regulating, stimulating and cleaning up after immune response

56
Q

histiocytes

A

specialized macrophages live in tissue whole life

57
Q

where histiocytes are found

A

alveolar macrophages, kupffer cells in liver, dendritic cells in skin, macrophages in spleen, nodes bone marrow bonde kidney and brain

58
Q

events of phagocytosis

A 
chemotaxis
adhesion
engulfment
phagosome
phagolysosome
killing and destruction
release of residual `
59
Q

inflammasomes

A

large protien in phagocytic cells that contain pattern recognition receptors to help these cells initiate inflammatory response

60
Q

PRR

A

pattern recognition receptors

61
Q

steps of inflammation

A 
rubor 
calor
tumor
dolor
loss of funtion
62
Q

rubor

A

redness

63
Q

calor

A

warmth

64
Q

tumor

A

swelling

65
Q

dolor

A

pain

66
Q

chief functions of inflammation 1

A

mobilize and attract immune components to site of injury

67
Q

chief functions of inflammation 2`

A

set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances

68
Q

chief functions of inflammation 3

A

destroy microbes and block further invasion

69
Q

cytokines

A

regulatory chemicals released by cells of the immune system that serve as signal between
different cells

70
Q

major functional types of categorization cytokines

A
  1. cytokines that mediate nonspecific immune reactions such as inflammation and phagocytosis,
  2. cytokines that activate immune reactions during inflammation,
  3. vasoactive mediators,
  4. cytokines that regulate the growth and activation of lymphocytes,
  5. hematopoiesis factors for white blood cells, and
  6. miscellaneous inflammatory mediators.
71
Q

Stages of inflammation

A

1 injury immediate response
2 vascular reactions
3 edema and pus formation
4resolution/scar formation

72
Q

diapedesis

A

migration of WBC to site of injury

73
Q

pyrogens

A

substance that causes a rise in body temp

74
Q

complement

A

in immunology serum protein components taht act in a definitne sequence when set in motion either by an antigen-antibody comples or by factors of the alternative pathway

75
Q

complement cascade

A

C3 hydrolysis
C3b cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b C5b, C6, C7,C8 and C9 together form the membrane attack complex (MAC) cell swells and bursts

76
Q

antimicrobial peptides

A

are short protiens 12 to 50 amino acids taht have the capability of inserting themselves into bacterial membranes

77
Q

names of antimicrobial proteins

A

defensin
magainins
protegrins

78
Q

order of events in phagocytosis

A

chemotaxis
endocytosis
destruction
excretion

79
Q

correct order for stages of complement activation

A

initiation
amplification
polymerization
membrane attack

80
Q

components of second line of defense

A

fever
antimicrobial proteins
inflammation
phagocytosis

81
Q

benefits of fever

A 
increased levels of phagocytosis
stimulation of hematopoiesis
inhibited growth of temperature sensitive microbes
stimulation of host immune reactions
increased hots metablolism

Chapter 12: Host Defenses (1 decks)

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