Chapter 12 Flashcards
What must happen between two materials for them to become a solution?
The solute/solvent interactions must overpower the attractive forces of the individual constituents of the solution
Solution formation can be endothermic or exothermic, depending on what two factors?
Increased enthalpy which raises internal energy, and increased entropy which reduces internal energy
Henry’s Law
the solubility of a gas is directly proportional to it’s pressure
Solubility(gas)=k*Pressure(gas)
Where k=Henry’s Constant
Solubility of a gas is ______________ related to temperature
inversely
Mass Percentage
% of A = (Mass of A in Solution/Mass of Solution)(100)
Parts per Million
ppm = (Mass of A in solution/Mass of Solution)(10^6)
Parts per Billion
ppb = (Mass of A in solution/Mass of solution)(10^9)
Mole Fraction
X(a) = Moles of A/Moles present
Molarity
M = Moles of Solute/Liter Solution
Molality
m = Moles of Solute/kg Solvent
What are the Colligative Properties?
Vapor Pressure Reduction, Boiling Point Elevation, Melting Point Reduction, Osmotic Pressure
Raoult’s Law
P(A) = X(A)P(A)
What formulas are used to calculate the change in boiling of freezing points of solutions?
(DELTA)T(b/f)=k(b/f) * m where k(b) is the molal boiling point/freezing point
What is osmotic pressure?
The pressure required to stop osmosis
How is osmotic pressure calculated?
Osmo. P = MRT
